Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a bacterium of public health importance. The zoonotic spread of this pathogen through animal-derived foods has been reported. This systematic literature review investigates the prevalence, distribution, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and molecular characteristics of S. aureus in the food chain in Nigeria. Methods: A systematic search of online databases (Pub Med, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) for published articles from January 2002 to January 2022 was performed using the Prisma guideline. Results: Fifty articles were included from an initial 511 extracted documents. These papers included research carried out in 22 states across Nigeria. S. aureus detection in most studies was above the satisfactory level for foods (≥ 104CFU/g). The prevalence of S. aureus ranged from 1.3% in raw cow meat to 72.5% in fresh poultry meat. Most S. aureus isolates demonstrated multiple drug resistance patterns, especially being resistant to beta-lactams. There is a lack of information on the molecular typing of the S. aureus isolates. The different spa types of S. aureus isolated were t091, t314, t1476, and t4690, categorized into Multi-Locus-Sequence Types ST8, ST121, ST152, and ST789. Virulence genes detected include pvl, sea, see, spa, coa, edin, tsst, and hly. Certain AMR-encoding genes such as mecA, blaZ, fos, tet, and dfsr were detected. Factors contributing to the presence of S. aureus were reported as poor processing, poor sanitary conditions of the food processing units, inadequate storage units, and poor handling. Conclusion: We showed that S. aureus is a major food contaminant in Nigeria despite the lack of information on the molecular typing of strains from animal-derived food sources. There is a need to control S. aureus by targeting specific entry points based on the findings on risk factors and drivers of food contamination.
Although the WHO declared Mpox (monkeypox) as the 7th aetiology of public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) in 2022, Africa remains a battlefield for the emergence and re-emergence of deadly aetiologies including the Lassa fever virus from 1969, mpox virus from 1970, and Ebola virus from 1976 till date, among others. With the recent index case of mpox following rapid spread from Africa to different continents, a critical appraisal of the disease to x-ray its dynamics in Africa for research gap identification and policy implementation is warranted. This study integrated a mix of scoping and systematic reviews to converse the epidemiology and biosecurity/environmental issues from One Health perspective. Our scoping review used major scientific databases based on their relevance, reliability, and robust indexed contents, while the PROSPERO registered systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Phylogenetic analysis was piloted to equate recent outbreaks of mpox with the existing genotypic information. The genetic analysis conducted focused on the H3L gene that codes for envelope proteins involved in viral attachment. Transmission of mpox virus was reported mainly in four (4) routes. Animals implicated include monkeys, squirrels, and pigs. Reported risk factors include age, sex, occupation, climate, travels, political instability, and vaccination status. Reported circulating strains on the continent include Congo-8, Liberia-1, Sierra Leone, MPV-ZAI, Central African, West African (WA), and the Congo basin mpox virus. Eight (8) point mutations were observed to occur in Africa with resultant amino acid changes. Observed clustering within the predominant West African clade and the recent outbreak strains corroborate the reports of WA clade in other non-African and non-endemic countries. Viral adaptation in the WA clade enhanced person-to-person transmissibility that culminated in its spread to over 100 countries. Hence, there is need to address the mpox host-associated physiological and biochemical changes, development of mpox virus-specific diagnostic kits and vaccine, studies on the socio-ecological, economic and psychological consequences of the disease. We recommend policy implementation focused on African-led drug discovery campaigns towards mpox virus, national and/or international frameworks for controlling the disease as part of the holistic and strategic campaigns for controlling mpox virus in Africa.
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