Nowadays, due to the widespread usage of mobile devices and wireless network technologies, we can use various ICT services almost anytime, anywhere even if we are changing our location at that moment. Therefore, mobility management technology have been attracting attention. This technology is to keep communication alive even when a mobile node (MN), which is communicating with the server or some nodes, moves to another network domain. Software Defined Networking (SDN) is used for mobility management to realize effective intra-domain routing that optimizes routes when an MN moves inside an SDN domain. However, many of the approaches mainly focus on intra-domain routing and it is difficult to optimize inter-domain route. In this paper, we focus on this routing optimization problem and propose an SDN based end-to-end routing mechanism specified for mobility management. The proposed routing mechanism can optimize an end-to-end route based on various parameters such as bandwidth, number of domains, and flow operations for mobility after an MN has moved across SDN domains. We carried out some simulational experimentations to evaluate the effect of proposal. It is shown that the proposed routing mechanism can reduce communication delay and enhance network performance. Thus, the proposed routing mechanism can realize effective ICT services.
<span>The present work was an attempt to address a challenge of energy utilization or consumption in WBSN, it used a proposed routing algorithm based on ant optimization technique to distribute energy utilization efficiently on nodes. Thus reducing consumed energy and extending the life cycle of nodes, as well as avoiding damages might be occurred in tissues of patient`s body. At the beginning the proposed protocol was compared with conventional routing protocol LEACH to prove it`s efficiency in the extending of the life cycle of node, then it was used with experimental network was employed to examine energy utilizations. The obtained results were compared with others attained by conventional and developed routing protocols, there was considerable minimizing in the energy consumption that proved efficiency of proposed algorithm.</span>
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