The unappealing taste of the chewing material and the time-consuming repetitive task in masticatory performance tests using artificial foodstuff may discourage children from performing natural chewing movements. Therefore, the aim was to determine the validity and reliability of a two-colour chewing gum mixing ability test for masticatory performance (MP) assessment in mixed dentition children. Masticatory performance was tested in two groups: systemically healthy fully dentate young adults and children in mixed dentition. Median particle size was assessed using a comminution test, and a two-colour chewing gum mixing ability test was applied for MP analysis. Validity was tested with Pearson correlation, and reliability was tested with intra-class correlation coefficient, Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman plots. Both comminution and two-colour chewing gum mixing ability tests revealed statistically significant MP differences between children (n = 25) and adults (n = 27, both P < 0·01). Pearson correlation between comminution and two-colour chewing gum mixing ability tests was positive and significant (r = 0·418, P = 0·002). Correlations for interobserver reliability and test-retest values were significant (r = 0·990, P = 0·0001 and r = 0·995, P = 0·0001). Although both methods could discriminate MP differences, the comminution test detected these differences generally in a wider range compared to two-colour chewing gum mixing ability test. However, considering the high reliability of the results, the two-colour chewing gum mixing ability test can be used to assess masticatory performance in children, especially at non-clinical settings.
Music segmentation is a widely researched topic within music perception. Even though there is extensive data on the role of surface structure features and music training (e.g., Deliège, 1987) in segmentation, not much is known yet about the influence of implicit knowledge-based features acquired through musical enculturation. The goal of our study was to fill this gap. Makam music-trained musicians, nonmusicians, and Western listeners marked their segmentations online as they listened to mostly 19th century, unfamiliar Turkish makam tunes, all recorded in a Qānūn timbre on MIDI with retained microtonal structure. In addition, two experts segmented the tunes in a free-time setting. We found considerable within- and across-group agreement, as well as good agreement with the expert segmentations. After transforming each participant’s segmentations into “hits” and “false alarms” based on their match or mismatch with expert segmentations, we observed that musicians overlapped significantly more with expert segmentations than do the other two groups. Segmentations in all three groups were strongly driven by mostly local surface features. Overall, our results are more supportive of a universality claim as proposed by the Gestalt school of psychology than an enculturation claim.
ObjectiveThe main goal of this study was to compare the polymerization degree of bulk-fill giomer resin cured with three different light-curing units (LCUs): a polywave third-generation (Valo); a monowave (DemiUltra: DU); and a second-generation LED (Optima 10: Opt) LCUs by using structural and mechanical properties.Material and methodsGiomer samples of 2 and 4 mm cured with three LCUs were employed in vitro analysis. The degree of curing (DC%) was determined with Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Microstructural features were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Flexural strength (FS), compression strength (CS), elastic modulus and fracturing strain were determined for mechanical properties. Surface microhardness (SMH) values were also measured. Oneway ANOVA, two-way analysis of variance and Tukey multiple comparison tests were used for statistically analyzing the FS and SMH.ResultsDC% values were 58.2, 47.6, and 39.7 for the 2 mm samples cured with DU, Opt., and Valo LCUs, respectively. DC% values of the 4 mm samples were 50.4, 44.6, and 38.2 for DU, Opt, and Valo, respectively. SMH values were Valo, Opt
Secondary dental caries are one of the major reasons for restoration replacements. Incorporating antimicrobial properties into dental materials would limit the initiation and progression of dental caries. In the current study, dental composites having 1%, 5%, and 10% (w/w) sodium pentaborate pentahydrate were prepared and analyzed for their mechanical properties, degree of monomer conversion (DC) rate, antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans, and biocompatibility with human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Incorporation of boron into the composites significantly decreased flexural strength and DC in a dose-dependent manner, but the value for 1% boron-containing composite still remained within acceptable levels. Compressive strength and diametral tensile strength were not found to be different from those of controls. Although no inhibition zone was detected in an agar-well diffusion assay for any materials tested, significant bacterial growth inhibition was obtained in a direct contact test for boron-containing composites. Immunocytochemical and lineage-specific gene expression analysis revealed that composites with boron content increased the osteogenic and odontogenic capacity of hDPSCs. Boron-containing dental composites showed promising results for future clinical applications, displaying nontoxic, osteogenic, and odontogenic-inducing characteristics with remarkable antibacterial activity against S. mutans, and are hence potentially able to prevent secondary caries.
BackgroundThe Hall technique (HT) involves the placement of stainless steel crowns for treating asymptomatic carious primary teeth without tooth preparation or caries excavation.AimTo investigate whether temporomandibular dysfunction (TM‐D) manifests in children after HT.DesignHealthy children (age: 5‐9 years) with dentin caries were treated with HT in a university clinic, and TM‐D signs and symptoms were monitored in this cohort clinical trial. The primary outcome was TM‐D signs recorded using the clinical dysfunction index (Di) at pre‐treatment: 0‐, 1‐, 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month follow‐up visits. The secondary outcome was TM‐D symptoms recorded using a questionnaire. The Di and symptoms were compared over time using McNemar's tests.ResultsThirty‐nine children were followed for 12 months after HT treatment. Four children were detected as having dysfunction signs throughout the study: muscle pain on palpation and clicking. The symptoms ‘hearing a sound within the jaw joint’ or ‘bite felt uncomfortable or unusual’ were reported by another four children. The Di and TM‐D symptoms were not significantly different between pre‐treatment and follow‐up visits (P > .05).ConclusionsThe HT does not seem to be connected to TM‐D. Alternative TM‐D assessment tools for studying non‐persistent symptoms more comprehensively might be useful for future studies.
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