The 2- and 3-dimensional (3D) anatomy and the morphometric properties of the paranasal sinuses of the foal have received little or no attention in the literature. The aim of this study was to obtain details of the paranasal sinuses using multiplane CT imaging to create 3D models and to determine morphological and morphometric data for the sinuses using the 3D models. The heads of five female foals were used in this study. The heads were scanned using computed tomography (CT) in the rostrocaudal direction. After the heads had been frozen, anatomical sections were obtained in the scan position. The 3D models of sinuses and the skull were prepared using MIMICS®. These models were used to assess the surface area and volume of the sinuses, the width, height and orientation of the apertures connecting these sinuses and finally the planar relation of the sinuses with the skull. The right and left sides of all anatomical structures, except the sphenoid sinuses, had symmetric organization on CT images and anatomical sections. The total sinus surface area and volume on both sides were 214.4 cm2 and 72.9 ml, respectively. The largest and the smallest sinuses were the frontal sinus (41.5 ml) and the middle conchal sinus (0.2 ml), respectively. It was found that the planes bounding the sinuses passed through easily palpable points on the head. In conclusion, 3D modeling in combination with conventional sectional imaging of the paranasal sinuses of the foal may help anatomists, radiologists, clinicians and veterinary students.

In this study was investigated the structure of pecten oculi in the ostrich, duck, pigeon, turkey, and starling. The pecten oculi of the ostrich was vaned type and made up primary, secondary, and few tertiary lamellae. However, duck, pigeon, turkey and starling had a pleated-type pecten oculi which displayed folded structure. The numbers of pleats of the pectens were 12, 13-14, 21-22, and 17 in duck, pigeon, turkey, and starling, respectively. Light microscopic investigation demonstrated that pecten oculi is basically composed of numerous capillaries, large blood vessels, and pigment cells in all investigating avian species. Capillaries were 20.23, 14.34, 11.78, 12.58, and 12.78 μm in diameter in ostrich, duck, pigeon, turkey, and starling, respectively. The capillaries are surrounded by thick basal membrane, and pigmented cells were observed around the capillaries.

In the present study, it was aimed to determine morphometric differences of the mandible of Tuj and Morkaraman sheep having widespread breeding area in the Eastern Anatolia Region. In this study, 20 mandibles of the male Tuj and Morkaraman sheep were used. The 16lenghts taken to the mandible were measured by electronic digital calliper. Furthermore, after the mandible were photographed and printed to milimetric paper, the 4-angles studied were measured with gonimeter. The results of this study proved that the means of the length and angle measurements obtained from Morkaraman sheep were mostly higher than Tuj sheep. The angle of margo ventralis mandibulae (A4) and the mandible height at the level of the rear alveolar edge with 3rd molar tooth (L14) had a significant statistical difference (p<0.05). According to the correlation values, it was seen that A2 values (the angle between the proc. condylaris and ramus mandibulae) of the both sheep breeds were in negative relation with the other mandible measurements. As a result, the obtained data indicate that genetic doesn't significantly affect the morphometry of the mandible of the Morkaraman and Tuj sheeps.

Background: The aim of the study was to determine morphometric and macroanatomic features of auditory ossicles and the tympanic bulla in wolf. Materials and methods: For this purpose, 7 skulls of adult male wolf were used in the study. Auditory ossicles was photographed on a dissection microscope after it was removed from the skull. A total of 14 morphometric measurements were taken among the different points of malleus, incus and stapes in Image J programme. Mean values of the measurements were obtained and statistically compared in terms of sides (right-left). Results: In male wolves, the lengths of the right and left malleus were determined as mean 9.35 ± 0.14 and 9.57 ± 0.25 mm, the lengths of the incus as mean 3.01 ± 0.32 and 2.94 ± 0.16 mm, and the lengths of the stapes as mean 2.57 ± 0.12 and 2.59 ± 0.14 mm, respectively. The differences were not statistically significant when all the morphometric parameters were compared in terms of sides (p > 0.05). Conclusions: It is considered that this study will contribute to the anatomical studies to be conducted in the Canidae family regarding auditory ossicles.

We investigated the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on antioxidant system enzymes, blood lipid profile and histologic structure of liver and pancreas in rats. We used 40 8-week-old male Wistar albino rats. The animals were divided into five groups of eight: control, vehicle, BPA-5, BPA-50 and BPA-500. BPA was dissolved in ethanol, then mixed with corn oil. The control group was untreated. The vehicle group was given the ethanol-corn oil mixture. The BPA 5, BPA 50 and BPA 500 groups were given 5, 50, and 500 µg/kg body weights/day, respectively. After 8 weeks, blood and tissue samples were obtained from the animals and plasma GSH, TBARS, SOD, GPx, CAT, NO, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, insulin and glucose were measured. The sections were stained using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. BPA significantly decreased the levels of GSH, SOD, GPx and CAT, and increased the levels of TBARS and NO in plasma. There was no significant difference among the groups in plasma insulin and glucose levels. The percentage of insulin immunoreactive cells in islets increased significantly in the BPA-500 group. The H-score of the BPA-5 and BPA-50 groups decreased significantly compared to controls. We found that BPA caused oxidative stress and disruption of pancreatic β-cell function. Therefore, BPA is a risk factor for animal and human health.

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ÖzAmaç: Çalışmada Malakan atında ossicula auditus'un cinsiyete göre morfometrik değerlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem:Araştırmada 10 (5 erkek, 5 dişi) adet erişkin Malakan atına ait ossicula auditus kullanıldı. Kafatasından çıkarılan ossicula auditus üzerinde toplam 15 adet morfometrik ölçüm yapıldı. Alınan ölçülerin ortalama değer-leri cinsiyet ve yön (sağ, sol) bakımından istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldı.Bulgular: Erkek ve dişi Malakan Atlarında malleus uzunluğu sırasıyla 9.97±1.27-10.05±1.15 mm, incus uzunluğu 4.11±0.70-3.65±0.20 mm ve stapes uzunluğu 3.25±0.51-3.43±0.22 mm olarak ölçüldü. Incus'un genişlik ve yüksek-lik değerinin erkek Malakan atında dişi Malakan atına göre önemli oranda büyük olduğu (P<0.05) belirlendi. Ölçüm yapılan diğer parametrelerde ise cinsiyet ve yön bakımından karşılaştırıldığında önemli bir istatistiksel farklılığa rastlanılmadı (P>0.05).Öneri: Çalışmada incus genişliği ve yüksekliği dışında ossicula auditus üzerinde belirlenen diğer morfometrik ölçülerin cinsiyete göre Malakan Atlarında istatistiksel olarak farklı olmadığı belirlendi.Anahtar kelimeler: İncus, Malakan atı, malleus, morfometri, stapes. AbstractAim: The purpose of this study is to determine morphometrically the differences of the auditory ossicles of Malakan Horses according to their gender. Materials and Methods:In the study 10 (5 male, 5 female) adult Malakan Horses' auditory ossicles were used. 15 different morphometric values were measured on the auditory ossicles, which removed from the skull. The morphometric values were compared in terms of gender and direction (left, right). Results:The malleus lengths were 9.97±1.27-10.05±1.15 mm, incus length were 4.11±0.70-3.65±0.20 mm, stapes length were 3.25±0.51-3.43±0.22 mm in male and female Malakan Horses respectively. The values of incus width and incus height were significantly higher in males than females (P< 0.05). In terms of all the other measurements, the differences between the genders and direction (left, right) were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). Conclusion:It was concluded that, there were no statistically differences of morphometric values on auditory ossicles except the values of incus width and incus height in Malakan Horses according to gender.

The gross anatomy and morphometry of the kidney and renal arteries were studied in the strains of laboratory rat: Sprague-Dawley (Sp) and Wistar (W) rats. Total of 106 three-dimensional endocasts of the intrarenal arteries of kidney that were prepared using standard injection-corrosion techniques were examined. A single renal artery was observed in 100% of the cases. The renal arteries were divided into a dorsal and a ventral branch. The dorsal and ventral branches were divided into two branches, the cranial and caudal branch. Renal arteries were classified into types I and II, depending on the cranial and caudal branches and their made of branching. The present study also showed that the right kidney was slightly heavier than the left one and that the kidney of the male was generally larger than that of the female. The mean live weights of the Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats were found to be 258.26 ± 5.9 and 182.4 ± 19.05 g, respectively. The kidney weights were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with body weights. The kidney weights were not found significantly correlated (P > 0.01) with the length of renal arteries.