Traditional kefir grains were collected from distinct parts of Turkey, and their microbial profile was determined. A wide bacterial biota was observed formed by distinct lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in which Lactococcus lactis strains appeared to be dominant. Yeast species were also identified in kefir grains. Significant levels of antifungal and antibacterial activities were monitored in kefir isolates. All tested LAB produced an exopolysaccharide (EPS) containing glucose and galactose, and some strains formed a fructan-type EPS. Importantly, low levels of antibiotic resistance were observed among the kefir isolates. (2016) Isolation of exopolysaccharide-producing bacteria and yeasts from Tibetan kefir and characterisation of the exopolysaccharides. International Journal of Dairy Technology 69 410-417. Demirbas ß F, _ Ispirli H, Kurnaz A A, Yilmaz M T and Dertli E (2017) Antimicrobial and functional properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from sourdoughs. LWT-Food Science and Technology 79 361-366. Dertli E and C ß on A H (2017) Microbial diversity of traditional kefir grains and their role on kefir aroma. LWT-Food Science and Technology 85 151-157. Dertli E, Mercan E, Arıcı M, Yılmaz M T and Sa gdıc ß O (2016) Characterisation of lactic acid bacteria from Turkish sourdough and determination of their exopolysaccharide (EPS) production characteristics. LWT-Food Science and Technology 71 116-124. Dertli E, Colquhoun I J, Côt e G L, Le Gall G and Narbad A (2018) Structural analysis of the a-D-glucan produced by the sourdough isolate Lactobacillus brevis E25. Food chemistry 242 45-52. Franzetti L, Galli A, Pagani M and Noni I D (1998) Microbiological and chemical investigations on sugar kefir drink. Annali di Microbiologia ed Enzimologia. 48 67-80. Gao J, Gu F, Abdella N H, Ruan H and He G (2012) Investigation on culturable microflora in Tibetan kefir grains from different areas of China. Journal of food science 77 M425-M433. Garofalo C, Osimani A, Milanovi c V, Aquilanti L, De Filippis F, Stellato G and Ercolini D (2015) Bacteria and yeast microbiota in milk kefir grains from different Italian regions. Food Microbiology 49 123-133. Gul O, Atalar I, Mortas M and Dervisoglu M (2018) Rheological, textural, colour and sensorial properties of kefir produced with buffalo milk using kefir grains and starter culture: A comparison with cows' milk kefir. International Journal of Dairy Technology 71 73-80.
The effects of different cooking methods (boiling, pan‐frying without oil, deep‐fat frying, hot plate, oven and microwave cooking) on formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) in turkey breast and leg meats were investigated. Effect of cutting meat on pH values of the samples was found to be significant (P < .01) and cooking methods showed significant effects (P < .01) on water contents of the samples. Following the cooking, a decrement and an increment in water contents and pH values of the samples were observed, respectively. Importantly, AαC and MeAαC were not presented in any of the samples cooked with different methods whereas IQx and MeIQx were detected in all samples. The total HCAs levels in breast and leg meat ranged between 2.90 and 52.34 ng/g, 2.38 and 21.35 ng/g, respectively. The highest total HCA contents in breast and leg meat were found to be in deep‐fat fried samples followed by oven cooked samples. Practical applications Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) are mutagenic and/or carcinogenic compounds formed naturally during the cooking of protein rich foods such as beef, poultry, and fish. Due to the fact that the formation of HCAs is related to the cooking methods, the HCAs formation as affected by various cooking methods has to be investigated. To date, more than 30 reports on HCAs content in poultry such as chicken, turkey, duck and goose have been published. On the other hand, studies are limited in the literature on turkey meat. The present study was therefore undertaken in an attempt to investigate the effects of different cooking methods (boiling, pan‐frying without oil, deep‐fat frying, hot plate, oven and microwave cooking) on the formation of HCAs in turkey breast and leg meats.
Pastırma is a Turkish dried meat product that has been produced for centuries with its unique production technology. It is produced from whole muscle and/or muscles obtained from certain parts of beef and buffalo carcasses. This is the first study dealing with some physicochemical properties of Kastamonu pastırma produced mostly sırt and kuşgömü. Significant differences were determined among the pastırma types in all analyses (P<0.05). Pastırma type significantly affected moisture amount (P<0.05). The average moisture content in the kuşgömü pastırma was determined higher than the sırt pastırma. The total protein amount of all samples was determined over 30%, and it is more valuable in terms of nutrition. However, the salt amount (10% / dry matter) and pH (max. 6.0) in 50% of samples were above the maximum acceptable limit. Also, the water activity values of all samples were above 0.90. TBARS and FFA values of some samples were higher than the values previously determined.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an erect herbaceous annual plant with flat seeds. It is one of the oldest cultivated oilseed plants in the world, especially popular in Africa and Asia. The present research objective was to describe a sesame protein isolate, i.e., its amino acid profile, functional and physicochemical properties, zeta potential, and hydrodynamic diameter. The surface charge and hydrodynamic diameter in aqueous solutions were obtained for standard sesame seeds, defatted sesame seeds, and the sesame protein isolate. Defatted sesame seeds yielded the following optimal parameters: salt concentration – 0.6 M, pH – 7, iso-electric point (pI) – 4. The sesame protein isolate was rich in methionine content, which is rare in other plant proteins, but its lysine content was lower than in other isolates. The sesame protein isolate displayed almost identical zeta potential profiles with its pH. The decreasing pH increased the zeta values gradually from the lowest negative value to the highest positive value. The zeta potentials of standard and defatted sesame seeds at pH 7 were –23.53 and –17.30, respectively. The hydrodynamic diameter of the sesame protein isolate (0.33 μm) was smaller than that of sesame seeds (2.64 μm) and defatted sesame seeds (3.02 μm). The sesame protein isolate had a water holding capacity of 1.26 g/g and an oil holding capacity of 3.40 g/g. Its emulsifying properties looked as follows: emulsion capacity – 51.32%, emulsion stability – 49.50%, emulsion activity index – 12.86 m2/g, and emulsion stability index – 44.96 min, respectively. These values are suitable for the sesame protein isolate and are consistent with the literature. The sesame protein isolate was a good source of protein (88.98%). Using sesame proteins as functional components can be an important basis for better knowledge of the relationship between electrical charge interactions in food matrices and the structure, stability, shelf life, texture, structural and functional properties of food. Research prospects include the effects of sesame protein isolates on various food systems.
The aim of this study was to determine the plant sources, physicochemical properties, element content and antimicrobial effects of honey samples collected from 10 different regions of the province of Bayburt, Turkey. The melissopalynological analysis showed that the pollen samples of 67 plant taxa belonged to 34 plant families in honey samples and were found with different rates and TPN-10 values was found between 16024 and 90126. In addition to these, the amount of ash was between 0.13% and 0.32%, the electrical conductivity value was between 0.36 and 0.69 mS/cm, the moisture content was between 16.1% and 18.9% and the fructose/glucose ratio was between 0.92 and 1.18. As a result of physicochemical analysis, it was determined that the data obtained were in compliance with the standard values defined in by the Turkish Food Codex Communiqué on Honey (No: 2012/58). Elemental analysis performed with ICP-MS showed that the K element was the highest (261.34-1863.05 mg/kg) in all honey samples in total among the 42 elements. In addition to these, the antimicrobial effects of honey samples and minimum inhibition concentration values (MIC) were determined by the agar well diffusion (AWD) method and and microbroth dilution method respectively.
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