Given a new perspective on the environmental hypothesis, this paper systematically investigates the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), pollution haven, and pollution halo hypotheses using carbon efficiency as the dependent variable. Applying the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulations based on the annual time series data over the period 1990–2019, the study found that real GDP per capita has negative effects on China’s environmental quality both in the short and long run, whereas the square of real GDP per capita has positive impacts. This validates the EKC hypothesis for China. Furthermore, foreign direct investment has negative effects on environmental quality in China, implying that the case of China exemplifies the pollution haven hypothesis and not the pollution halo hypothesis. The empirical results also demonstrate that energy efficiency and trade openness improve China’s environmental quality both in the short run and long run. These findings, therefore, provide insights into achieving the ambitious climate goals in China by 2050.
Objectives: The purposes of this study are: a) to review evidence-based and cumulative information health tourism literature by bibliometric analysis; b) to identifies the current 100 top-cited articles in health tourism ranging from 1970 to 2020 and indexed in Web of Science (WoS).Method: Retrospective analysis was used bibliometric information from database of WoS. The obtained data analyzed by using VOSviewer through software package. Statistical analysis were performed using SPSS software version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
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