Background:
Pituitary tumor apoplexy (PA) is an emergency condition caused by hemorrhage or infarction of the preexisting adenoma. Many factors are currently well-known to predispose to PA. However, during the period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, case reports of PA associated with COVID-19 infection have been sequentially published. To the best of our knowledge, four cases have been reported so far in the English literature. We herein report the fifth case of this association and review the pertinent literature.
Case Description:
A 55-year-old male patient with confirmed COVID-19 infection presented by progressive decrease in visual acuity and oculomotor nerve palsy. His medical history is notable for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and pituitary macroadenoma resection 11 years ago. He was on hormonal replacement therapy for panhypopituitarism that complicated the surgery. Previous magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies were consistent with enlarging residual pituitary adenoma. During the current hospitalization, computed tomography revealed hyperdensity of the sellar and suprasellar areas. MR imaging revealed PA in a recurrent large adenoma. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal resection was uneventfully undertaken with near total excision of the adenoma and partial improvement of visual loss and oculomotor palsy. Histopathological examination demonstrated classic features of PA. However, his chest condition progressed and he had to be transferred to COVID-19 intensive care unit in the referring hospital where he was intubated and put on mechanical ventilation. One week later, the patient unfortunately passed away due to complications of severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
Conclusion:
We report the fifth case of PA associated with COVID-19 infection. Based on our patient’s clinical findings, review of the other reported cases, as well as the available literature, we put forth a multitude of pathophysiological mechanisms induced by COVID-19 that can possibly lead to the development of PA. In our opinion, the association between both conditions is not just a mere coincidence. Although the histopathological features of PA associated with COVID-19 are similar to PA induced by other etiologies, future research may disclose unique pathological fingerprints of COVID-19 virus that explains its capability of inducing PA.
Variation of the technique is based on the specific patho-anatomical features of the colloid cyst being resected. For the trans-foraminal approach, we think that the rotational technique is associated with a more complete removal of the cyst wall and consequently lower recurrence rate.
Background:
The extended supraorbital approach through a modified eyebrow incision is a minimally invasive approach that has been recently described. It entails a lateral extension of the skin incision beyond the lateral end of the eyebrow and allows exposure of the proximal sylvian fissure with a superior degree of surgical freedom in the middle fossa and the parasellar region. In this technical note, we describe an endoscope-controlled extended supraorbital keyhole approach with modified eyebrow incision for excision of a large dural-based solitary fibrous tumor of the left frontal convexity.
Methods:
An endoscope-controlled extended supraorbital keyhole approach with modified eyebrow incision was performed to excise a large extra-axial mass attached to the dura of the left frontal convexity and extends from the superior temporal line up to the midline in a 34-year-old male patient presented with 1-year history of headache, dizziness, and blurred vision.
Results:
The patient had an uneventful postoperative course with gross total excision of the lesion and satisfying cosmetic appearance. Histopathological examination revealed a Grade 1 solitary fibrous tumor.
Conclusion:
We demonstrated the feasibility of the endoscope-controlled extended supraorbital keyhole approach through a modified eyebrow incision for excision of tumors that abut the inner table of the frontal calvarial bone, extend highly above the skull base level, or extend medially reaching the midline. The approach is very versatile and allows a great exposure for a category of lesions deemed not perfectly suitable for the classic supraorbital keyhole approach.
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