Abstract-The performances of 130 W (Solara PV) and 100 W (Sunworth PV) solar modules are evaluated using a single diode equivalent circuit. The equivalent circuit is able to simulate both the I-V and P-V characteristic curves, and is used to study the effect of the operating temperature, diode ideality factor, series resistance, and solar irradiance level on the model performance. The results of the PV characteristics curves are compared with the parameters from the manufacturing companies for each model. Afterwards, the Solara PV model is tested under different irradiance levels. The relationship between the model power versus its current under different irradiance levels is plotted, such that if the solar power meter (pyrheliometer) does not exist, the irradiance-current (G-I) curve can be used to measure solar radiation power without using the solar power meter. The measurement is achieved by moving the solar panel by a certain angle toward the solar radiation, and then measuring the corresponding current.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) microgrids have gained popularity in recent years as a way to improve the stability of intermittent renewable energy generation in systems, both off-grid and on-grid, and to meet the needs of emergency settings during natural catastrophes. Over the last several decades, researchers have been interested in improving the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Solar-battery charge controllers based on various algorithms are continuously and intensively employed to improve energy transfer efficiency and reduce charging time. This paper presents state-of-the-art solar photovoltaic (PV) integrated battery energy storage systems (BESS). An overview of and motivations for PV-battery systems is initially introduced, followed by the survey methodology and its contributions. In addition, this study classifies residential solar PV systems and battery charge controllers with their corresponding references in the review structure, which also provides details on battery charger topologies. Subsequently, an analytical review of the PV-Battery charge controller and the failure probability of such systems is discussed to determine the system components that mostly fail and their importance in the system. Finally, recommendation amendments to the existing charge controller that potentially contribute to increasing the system efficiency, reducing the failure probabilities, and reducing the cost are presented as future design concepts for the entire system.