Objective In this study, we evaluated the effect of neonatal ketamine exposure on anxiety-like and exploratory behaviours in adult the Balb/c and C57BL/6 strains of mice which anxiety responses are different. Methods Ketamine was administered at two different doses single dose (10, 20 mg/kg, 0.1 ml/10 g body weight, intraperitoneally) and repeated doses (10, 20 mg/kg every 240 minutes; thrice times) on the 7th postnatal day to male Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice. In adulthood, open-field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) apparatuses were used to evaluate exploratory and anxiety-like behaviour. Results In the C57BL/6 mice, the 20 mg/kg single dose decreased open-arm time and total-arm entries in EPM and increased time of central latency and decreased distance travelled in OF. Both the 10 and 20 mg/kg repetitive doses increased time of central latency and decreased time spent in the centre, frequency of rearing and centre crossing in OF and decreased open-arm time, total-arm entries, number of open-arm entries in EPM. The 20 mg/kg repetitive dose decreased number of head dipping behaviours in EPM. In the Balb/c mice, both the single and repetitive 10−20 mg/kg doses had no significant effect on anxiety-like and exploratory behaviours. Conclusion There were no significant differences in anxiety-like and exploratory behaviour in different strains by the single 10 mg/kg dose. However, in the C57BL/6 mice, both the single and repetitive 20 mg/kg doses and the 10 mg/kg repetitive dose increased anxiety-like behaviour and decreased exploratory behaviour in EPM and OF. In conclusion, hereditary factors may be effective on the effect of neonatal ketamine treatment on anxiety-like and exploratory behaviour.
Adverse experiences in early developmental periods have significant effects on the adulthood behaviors. Maternal deprivation can be defined as prolonged loss of the care of the mother to the infant which may have intense and/or long continued even irreversible effects on the child's personality development. Maternal deprivation lead to structural, functional, neurochemical and behavioural alterations. The aim of this review is to examine the effects of maternal deprivation on the central nervous system and behavior in the light of current studies. Key words: Maternal deprivation, behaviour, central nervous system, neonatal. ÖZETErken gelişim döneminde yaşanan olumsuz deneyimler yetişkinlik dönemi davranışlarını etkilemektedir. Anne yoksunluğu, uzun süreli anne bakımından yoksun kalma sonucunda çocuğun kişilik gelişiminde geri dönüşümsüz ve şiddetli etkilerin olması şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. Anne yoksunluğu, merkezi sinir sisteminde yapısal, hormonal, nörokimyasal ve davranışsal bir takım değişikliklere yol açmaktadır. Buyazıda, güncel çalışmalar ışığında, anne yoksunluğunun merkezi sinir sistemi ve davranışlar üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Anne yoksunluğu, davranış, merkezi sinir sistemi, yenidoğan.
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