Abstract:The purpose of this research is to evaluate farmers' risk perception towards climate change in dry farming areas of theŞanlıurfa province in Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) Region, Turkey, and their willingness to pay for adaptation practices and explore the potential factors that contribute to the understanding of climate change. The main material of this research comes from a sample of 466 farmers among 32,809 inŞanlıurfa who were chosen via a simple random sampling method. Sampling was conducted in 2014 and participants were interviewed face to face by questionnaires and local interviewers were used in order to maximize the reliability of the results. The logistic regression and fit tests were used for analysis. The results indicate that 53% of farmers have a risk perception about climate change and 62% of farmers accept paying for adaptation practices to reduce its potential effects. Explanatory affecting factors, such as age, agricultural income, amount of land owned, farming experience, agricultural credit usage, household numbers, non-agricultural manpower, education level and water perception, significantly explained the risk perceptions. This study is one of the first of its type in GAP-Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Therefore, the results could be helpful for decision-and policy-makers to develop adaptive strategies.
We evaluated farmers' willingness to pay (WTP) for efficient irrigation and improved water productivity with the economic benefits of sustainable use of resources in the long-run, while reducing irrigationrelated problems in the GAP-Harran Plain, Turkey. The data come from a sample of 21,094 farmers; 461 of them were chosen via simple random sampling method and interviewed face to face. The Tobit regression model was used for analysis. The results indicate that the average WTP value is $133.7 per hectares comprising 8.87% of net income of farmers, whilst the total amount derived from the WTP was around 20.05 million for Harran Plain. Explanatory factors such as primary school graduates, users of modern irrigation technologies, a crop pattern involving large areas of cotton and wheat increase the WTP by 4.4, 4.3 and 3.8%, respectively. On the other hand, married farmers, property owners, gravity irrigation users and one of the index variables (indexb, measuring farmers' perceptions about natural resources) lower the WTP by 9.3, 3.3, 13.7 and 0.9%, respectively. These results have valuable and important implications for decision makers to draw better sustainable natural resources policies in future for the good in question.
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the willingness to pay (WTP) for irrigation and explore the potential factors that contribute to it. The data used in this study come from a sample of farmers in The Southeastern Anatolian Project (GAP)-Turkey, who were chosen via simple random sampling method and interviewed face to face by given questionnaire. Based on the collected survey data, econometric model for the contingent valuation and double bond maximum likelihood methods were used for analysis by limited dependent package program. Results indicate that farmers are willing to pay 71.69% more than the existing price under certain conditions, but are paying 98 Turkish Liras/ha less. Accordingly, the yearly annual income loss of the water user associations is $9,748,011. Explanatory factors, such as price of irrigation water, education, location, irrigation type (gravity or pumping), and attitudes toward associations, significantly explained WTP. This study is one of the first of its type in Turkey. The study determines the primary factors influencing farmers' WTP for the irrigation water for optimal management of associations and water resources. The results are important for policymakers and contain useful information for Turkey and other countries with similar technical and socio-cultural characteristics.
Despite agricultural support in Turkey, agricultural production areas, production quantities, and the number of farmers have gradually decreased. In this research, we aimed to determine farmers’ attitudes toward public agricultural support policy for sustainability in GAP, Şanlıurfa, Turkey, and the factors affecting their attitudes. This research is the first of its type for GAP, Şanlıurfa, Turkey. The data were obtained in 2017 from face-to-face interviews with farmers who were selected using the simple random sampling method. Categorical regression, based on the optimal scaling model, was used in the analysis. The results indicate that although 80% of the farmers believe that support has improved agricultural sustainability, 76.2% find public support policy inadequate. The average land area of those who were in favor of the policy was 18.3 hectares, whereas that of those who stated that support does not provide a significant contribution was 7.17 hectares. The age of the farmer, total cultivated area, settlement area, education level, property type, crop pattern, irrigated agriculture, and income were factors affecting farmers’ attitudes. The support policy should be reviewed for small-scale farmers and farmers who engage in dry farming. The results could be helpful to support policy and decision-makers during sustainable agriculture policy planning.
Sustainable agriculture is necessary for farmers to have a sustainable income. This research aims to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of farmers in the GAP-Harran Plain for services that would ensure sustainable agricultural income, the factors affecting their willingness, and the minimum amount they would be willing to pay. The main material of the research has been obtained by means of face-to-face surveys involving farmers selected by a simple random sampling method in the GAP-Harran Plain. The sampling volume was determined with a 95% confidence limit and a 5% error margin. Heckman’s two-stage model was used for the analysis. According to the results of the research, 22.61% of the participants showed WTP, and the average amount they were willing to pay was 180.82 TL/hectare (ha) ($31.86/ha). This amount was 3.08% of the average annual agricultural income calculated. About 41.22% of the participants showed no WTP. They believed that the public sector is accountable of the services and consequently, they should be provided free of charge. About 23.14% of the participants showed WTP only for the services that they needed. The average WTP for all participants was calculated as 40.9 TL/ha ($7.21/ha) and 1.2 million $/year for the GAP-Harran Plain. This amount is the minimum and may increase by several folds with a demand-based variety of service delivery. The factors that statistically effect WTP have been determined as age, education, experience, number of households working in agriculture, amount of land, agricultural income, non-agricultural income, membership status of agricultural cooperatives, and product pattern. The results provide useful information to guide researchers, decision-makers, and policy-makers.
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