Swabs from 93 chronically inflamed maxillary sinuses in children were taken from aerobic and anaerobic bacteria during endoscopy. Bacterial growth was present in 87/93 specimens (93%). Anaerobic bacteria were isolated in 81/87 culture-positive specimens (93%) and were recovered alone in 61 cases (70%) and mixed with aerobic or faculative bacteria in 20 (23%). Aerobic or facultative bacteria were present alone in six cases (7%). A total of 261 isolates (3/specimen), 19 (2.4/specimen) anaerobes and 69 (2.6/specimen) aerobes or facultatives, were isolated. The predominant anaerobic organisms were Bacteroides sp. and anaerobic cocci; the predominant aerobes or facultatives were Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus. These findings indicate the important role of anaerobic organisms in chronic sinusitis.

Objective: To evaluate the condylar changes through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in patients treated with Twin-Block functional appliance. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, CBCT images of 30 patients who were treated with the Twin-Block appliance were used. Mandible was segmented and pretreatment and posttreatment (T0 and T1) condylar volume was compared. The angle between sella-nasion-Point A (SNA), angle between sella-nasion-Point B (SNB), angle between Point A-nasion-Point B (ANB), midfacial length (Co-A), mandibular length (Co-Gn), and the distances from right condylion to left condylion (Co R -Co L ) were also measured on three-dimensional images. Differences were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed rank tests, and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare the scores of male and female participants. Significance was set at P , .05. Results: In this study, a decrease in SNA and ANB (P , .05 and P , .01, respectively) and an increase in SNB (P , .01) were found. Additionally, Co R -Co L , Co-Gn, and condylar volume increased at both the left and right sides (P , .01). However, increase at Co-A was not statistically significant (P . .05). Comparison of differences by sex was not statistically significant for all measurements (P . .05). Conclusion: Twin-Block appliance increases condylar volume, mandibular length, and intercondylar distance by stimulating growth of condyle in an upward and backward direction.

Objective: To evaluate the long-term changes in maxillary arch widths, overjet, and overbite in patients who were treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) followed by edgewise appliances. Materials and Methods: The material for the study consisted of study casts taken from 41 patients (19 males, 22 females) on four different occasions (before treatment, T1; after RME, T2; after treatment, T3; and during follow-up period, T4). The upper intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar widths and overjet and overbite were measured on each set of study casts. Mean age of the subjects was 13.2 Ϯ 1.3 years (range, 11.2-16.9 years) at T1, 13.3 Ϯ 1.3 years (range, 11.3-17 years) at T2, 15.5 Ϯ 1.4 years (range, 13.1-18.8 years) at T3, and 20.4 Ϯ 1.6 years (range, 17.9-24.8 years) at T4. Results: The net increase in intercanine width, interpremolar width, intermolar width, overjet, and overbite was 1.4 Ϯ 2.4 mm, 4.6 Ϯ 2.6 mm, 4.3 Ϯ 2.5 mm, 0.1 Ϯ 0.6 mm, and 0.2 Ϯ 0.6 mm, respectively, and the relapse rates were 37% for intercanine width, 19% for interpremolar width, and 17% for intermolar width at the end of the follow-up period. Conclusions: A significant amount of relapse occurred in maxillary arch widths at the postretention assessment, the greatest being in intercanine width. RME significantly decreased overbite and increased overjet, and a statistically significant decrease was observed in both overbite and overjet at the postretention assessment. (Angle Orthod. 2010;80:5-9.)

Youssef's syndrome is characterized by cyclic hematuria (menouria), absence of vaginal bleeding (amenorrhea), and urinary incontinence due to vesicouterine fistula (VUF), the least common of the urogynecological fistulas. Youssef's syndrome has a variable clinical presentation. A vesicouterine fistula is an abnormal pathway between the bladder and the uterus. The most common cause is lower segment Cesarean section. Conservative treatment may be appropriate in some cases, but surgery is the definitive treatment. Vesicouterine fistula should be suspected in cases presenting with urinary incontinence even years after Cesarean section. Diagnostic tests as well as necessary appropriate surgery should be performed on cases with suspected vesicouterine fistula. We present a 40-year-old multiparous woman with vesicouterine fistula after primary Cesarean section; she presented with urinary incontinence, hematuria, and amenorrhea 1 year after the birth. Here, we discuss our case with the help of previously published studies found in the literature.

The aim of this investigation was to compare the traditional method of manual cephalometric tracing with four different computerized tracing programs, where the lateral cephalograms were scanned at 300 dpi and digitized onscreen. Thirty randomly selected cephalometric radiographs were used in this study. Four programs Dolphin Imaging, Vistadent, Nemoceph, and Quick Ceph were evaluated. Three dental, 11 skeletal, and 1 soft tissue parameters were measured that consisted of 5 linear and 10 angular measurements. Statistical analysis was carried out using multivariate analysis of variance and Box's and Levene's tests. No statistically significant difference was found between manual tracing and the computerized tracing programs. The measurements obtained with the cephalometric analysis programs used in the study were reliable.