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Bu çalışmanın amacı, yalnız seyahat eden kadınların motivasyon ve deneyimlerini incelemektir. Nitel bir araştırma olarak yüz yüze derinlemesine görüşme tekniği ile Diyarbakır'a yalnız seyahat etmiş olan 27 kadından elde edilen veriler, içerik analizi yöntemi ile işlenmiştir. Yalnız seyahat eden kadınların en temel motivasyon kaynaklarını, özgürleşme, kendini tanıma, özgüven, bireysel seyahatin grup seyahate göre rahatlığı ve kolaylığı gibi faktörlerin oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yalnız seyahat etmenin genel anlamda olumlu deneyimler yaşattığı ancak kadınların daha önceki seyahatlerinde erkek tacizi ağırlıklı olumsuz deneyimler de yaşadıkları belirlenmiştir. Diyarbakır'a seyahate yönelik algılarda ise, aile ve yakın çevreden iletilen endişeler olmasına rağmen kadınların çok tatmin edici deneyimler yaşadığı; aksine hiçbir olumsuzluk yaşamadığı görülmüştür. Kadınların birtakım olumsuz durumlarla karşılaşsa da sonraki seyahatlerini yine de yalnız gerçekleştirmeye yönelik güçlü bir motivasyona sahip olduğu da tespit edilmiştir. Deneyim Motivasyon Turizm Yalnız seyahat eden kadınlar Diyarbakır Türkiye

The aim of this study was to investigate seventh grade students' use of solution strategies needed to solve proportional reasoning problems. A private middle school and two public middle schools of a city located in the inner region of Turkey were selected as the sample of the study. In total, 278 students (157 boys and 121 girls) took part in the study. Survey methodology was used to describe seventh grade students' proportional reasoning strategies. Proportional Reasoning Test (PRT) consisting of five open ended problems was developed by the researchers to determine students' solution strategies. Student responses to each problem were graded by the help of a rubric. Besides, the correct solution strategies used by the students were coded by considering pre-existing proportional reasoning strategies in the mathematics education literature. Analysis of students' correct responses showed eight different solution strategies including cross product algorithm, factor of change, building up, equivalent fractions unit rate, part-to-part reasoning, ratio tables and part-to-whole reasoning. The number of strategies used in each problem ranged between two and five. As a whole, the most frequent strategies used by the students were cross product algorithm, factor of change strategy and part-to-part reasoning strategy. However, cross product algorithm was the most frequent strategy among all strategies. This strategy has no physical referent and lacks meaning for students. Therefore, cross product algorithm should not be introduced to students until they have many experiences with intuitive and conceptual strategies such as factor of change strategy, build-up strategy or unit rate strategy.

In this paper, we study a principal's decision to introduce automation into a production process governed by a team of employees. When introduced, automation displaces an employee with a machine. This displacement increases efficiency as the machine carries out the tasks of the employee at a lower cost, and reduces the scope of moral hazard as the machine does not make unobserved effort choices. We show that, despite the direct benefits, a principal may prefer not to adopt automation due to its indirect costs. Before automation is introduced, the principal is able to take advantage of her ability to shape the interactions between the team members to manage the agency problem. Automation eliminates this ability and removes an incentive device at the principal's discretion, resulting in an indirect cost. On the one hand, adopting automation is always optimal when the principal incentivizes employees independently, abstaining from creating a team interaction. On the other hand, automation may be suboptimal when the principal incentivizes employees by encouraging them to compete via a “relative performance evaluation” contract or to cooperate via a “joint performance evaluation” contract. We offer two extensions to test the robustness of these findings qualitatively. First, the findings carry through if we consider alternative effects of automation, where it impacts employees symmetrically without displacing any employee. Second, the findings also remain consistent when there are synergies between the efforts of team members.

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Political Agency; Elections; Asymmetric Information,

This article studies an information design problem in a sequential consumer search environment. Consumers, whose valuation of firms' products is uncertain, observe a noisy signal about the valuation upon being matched with a firm. The goal is to characterize those signal structures that maximize consumer surplus. We show that the consumer‐optimal signal structure can be found within the class of conditional unit‐elastic demand signal distributions. A rich set of properties and comparative statics of the consumer‐optimal signal distributions are also derived.