Obstruction of biliary self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) is seen frequently. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) causes tissue necrosis. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of RFA for management of occluded SEMS. Patients with biliary malignancy and treated for an occluded SEMS were retrospectively reviewed. The study group comprised patients treated with RFA using an Habib endoprobe inside the SEMS. The control group comprised patients treated only with insertion of a plastic stent into an occluded SEMS. The end points were; 90-day stent patency rate, time to stent reocclusion, 30-day mortality, and 3 - and 6-month survival rates. During the 5-year study period 25 patients with an occluded SEMS underwent RFA and 25 patients underwent a plastic stent placement only. Both groups were matched for age and diagnosis. Immediate biliary drainage was restored in all patients. In the RFA group, the stenosis was ablated successfully in 14 patients (56 %); ablation failed in 11 and a plastic stent was then inserted into the SEMS for these. The control group had only placement of a plastic stent across the stenosis. Stent patency rate at 90 days was 56 % and 24 % in the RFA and control groups, respectively ( = 0.04). The mean stent patency time was significantly longer in the RFA group compared to the control group (119.5 vs. 65.3 days, = 0.03). The application of RFA for occluded SEMS improves stent patency. RFA is an alternative treatment of tissue ingrowth in malignant biliary obstruction.

nCLE was found to be safe and feasible with high technical success, in this pilot study. With an overall accuracy of 80%, it has the potential to contribute to the diagnosis of CNP with specific imaging.

GNAS mutation is a highly specific test for IPMN. When GNAS testing is added to CEA and KRAS, a significantly greater overall accuracy (86.2%) is achieved.