BACKGROUND Cancer of the breast in women is a major health burden worldwide. It is the most common cause of cancer among women and is responsible for over one million of the estimated 10 million neoplasms diagnosed worldwide each year in both sexes Traditional prognostic factors include the axillary lymph node status, the tumour size, nuclear grade, histological grade and lymphatic and vascular invasion. There are studies that have evaluated time trends in stage specific breast cancer survival rates according to joint ER/PR status along with some other molecular markers like HER2/neu. It has been shown that these parameters together might have the ability to further help in identifying treatment gaps where progress could be made in order to increase the treatment outcome. It has been shown that screening helps to identify early stage breast cancer; 1 however there are studies that have evaluated time trends in stage specific breast cancer survival rates according to joint ER/PR status and HER2/neu. With this background, the present study was planned with an aim to evaluate the role of various traditional (number of positive axillary nodes, tumour size, tumour grade, lymphatic and vascular invasion) as well as newer (ER/PR), HER2/neu prognostic indicators of breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prospective observational study was done in the department of general surgery in Era's Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow, from January 2017 to June 2018. Biopsy proven patients of breast carcinoma admitted to Department of Surgery, were included in the study. A total of 80 women with breast cancer, falling in sampling frame, were enrolled in the study and were followed up for six months. The primary outcome was survival and recurrence free survival. Various demographic, clinical, medical, personal and obstetric history factors, FNAC/biopsy findings, USG findings and hormonal assessments, viz., ER, PR and HER2/neu assessments were evaluated for their prognostic role. During the course of study (six months follow-up), no death took place; however, recurrence was noted in 12 (15%) cases. For this purpose, a total of 80 women with stage 2 or above breast cancer scheduled to undergo modified radical mastectomy following the neoadjuvant chemotherapy falling in sampling frame were enrolled in the study and were followed up for six months. RESULTS During the six months' follow-up, there was no mortality and no case of metastasis was noted. However, recurrence was seen in a total of 12 (15%) cases. Thus, recurrence rate was 15% in present study. CONCLUSIONS Hormonal markers ER/PR/HER2/neu were the most important prognostic markers for outcome at six months.

Laparotomy is one of the most common surgical procedures done by a surgeon. It is performed both as elective and an emergency procedure. Laparotomy procedures are prone to post-operative complications such as pain, fever, wound infection, wound dehiscence, incisional hernia, etc. The rate of these complications depends on preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis, skin antisepsis, control of contamination and surgical skills. SSI is the most common health-care-associated infection and is a cause of one-third of post-operative deaths. A prudent antibiotic prophylaxis and post-operative antibiotic management should be done. For successful management knowledge is necessary regarding the possible pathogens and their antibiotic resistance patterns. The aim of the study is to find out the incidence of SSI in elective laparotomies and to find out the type of pathogenic organism causing wound infection. This prospective observational study was conducted on 180 patients who had undergone elective laparotomy after taking an informed consent.Asterile swab for culture and sensitivity was taken Pre-operatively from incision site and sent to laboratory for assessment with normal culture technique. Repeat swabs for culture and sensitivity was done for patients with post-operative wound infection. Patients were followed up for 1 month. Out of 180 cases incidence of the SSI was seen in 17 cases of elective laparotomy (9.4%). Out of 17 SSI swab specimens 2 (11.8%) were Gram positive involving CONS pathogen, 13 (64.7%) were Gram negative involving E. coli, K.pneumoniae and Pseudomonas (41.2%, 29.4%, 5.9%) while no growth was observed in 11.8% specimens. SSIs were unaffected by demographic or operative variables. Surgical site infections were instrumental in prolonging the duration of hospital stay. Tigecycline and colistin were found to be 100 % sensitive for all the pathogens.

BACKGROUND Rapid growths in health care technology have given the surgeon the power of not only treating diseases surgically but also limiting surgical invasiveness. Laparoscopic surgeries are preferred over open surgeries, but laparoscopic surgery is not a panacea to all the problems associated with open surgery. It has its own problems and complications. The present study is planned to assess the post laparoscopic surgery port related complications. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present study was a prospective descriptive study conducted in the Department of General Surgery at Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital over a period of eighteen months. A total of 310 patients were included in the study and followed up for a period of three months from the day of surgery. RESULTSOut of 310 patients enrolled in the study, complications were observed only in 8 (2.58%). Port site infections were present in 6 (1.94%) cases while metastasis and hypertrophic scar was observed in 1 (0.32%) case each. CONCLUSIONThe rate of port-site complication in the present study was found to be 2.58%. The study identified older age, smoking habit and diabetes as the potential risk factors affecting the complication rates. [1] and an increase in frequency of laparoscopic abdominal surgery made it common by 1990. [2] Laparoscopic surgeries are preferred over general surgeries because of lower cost, lesser pain and scarring, faster convalescence, lesser hospital stay and overall low cost [3,4] besides these advantages complications are by far very rare. [5] Common complications include infection, incisional hernia, bleeding, etc.Reusable metallic or disposable plastic trocars are inserted through small skin incisions or ports. These ports form the portal of entry to perform the surgical procedure by means of specially devised instruments and telescope.

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