Background: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer overall (1.4 million cases, 10.9%) and ranks 5th as cause of death (458,000. 6.1%).The present study was aimed to find the pattern of expression of ER, PR, HER-2/neu and to correlate ER, PR status with respect to various clinicopathlogical factors like HER-2/neu over expression, histological grade, tumor size, lymphnode metastasis, lymphovascular invasion and age of the patient.Materials and Methods: Data from 139 patients was collected and correlation of ER, PR status with various clinicopathological factors was analysed.Results: Mean age at diagnosis was 48.5 years, 56.8% cases being ?50years of age. Tumor size ranged from 1 to 12 cm. Most lesions (57.5%) were>2 to 5 cm in size. The predominant morphology was Infiltrating Duct carcinoma-NOS (90.6%). Majority of cases presented as grade II(46.7%) lesions and lymph node involvement was seen in 66.9%. 49.6% cases were ER+, 49.6% cases were PR+, and HER-2/neu was positive (3+) in 15.8% cases. Older patients were mostly ER+PR+. Low grade tumors were mostly ER+PR+ as compared to high grade tumors. HER-2/neu status revealed an inverse association with hormone receptor positivity. No correlation was found between hormone receptor positivity and lymph node metastasis. Lymphovascular involvement was noted more in hormone negative ER-PR- tumors.Conclusion: ER and PR expression in our patients was found to be comparable to the studies done in Indian subcontinent, but lower than studies done in west, but triple negative breast cancer prevalence was relatively higher in our study (34.5%).Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol. 7(3) 2016 28-34
Cataract surgery is aimed at restoring sight to near normal vision. This study, conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College, Srinagar, is an attempt to determine the causes of subnormal vision in patients following cataract surgery at a tertiary hospital in Kashmir. One hundred patients who underwent cataract surgery with an unaided visual acuity of <6/9 at 16 weeks postoperatively were included in the study. Postoperative follow-up examinations were conducted until the 16th week. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded to determine the cause of subnormal vision. Of 100 patients, 40 underwent extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), 30 underwent small incision cataract surgery (SICS) and 30 underwent phacoemulsification. Seventy-five percent of the patients who underwent ECCE had postoperative astigmatism with a mean astigmatism of 2.2 ± 0.81 diopters at 16 weeks, with the majority having with-the-rule astigmatism. In the SICS group, 17 (56.6 %) patients had a mean postoperative astigmatism of 0.75 ± 0.40 diopters, with the majority (82.3 %) having against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism. In the phacoemulsification group, 13 (43.3 %) of the patients had a mean postoperative astigmatism of 0.48 ± 0.23 diopters with the majority having ATR astigmatism. Other causes of subnormal vision were pseudophakic ametropia, posterior capsular opacity and intraoperative complications like posterior capsular rent and vitreous loss. Postoperative astigmatism was the major cause of subnormal vision with greater astigmatism seen in the ECCE group. Therefore, procedures like smaller incision sutureless surgery and careful biometry are advocated to improve visual outcome and patient satisfaction.
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