The smart grid is an upgraded concept of electricity network with tight coupling among information, control, and bidirectional communication technologies. Along with the silent features of the ongoing smart grid, cyber-physical security appears to be a deep concern due to its significant dependence on sensing technologies, complex networks of computers, intelligence, and wide-area communication infrastructures. Moreover, the smart grid is an extensive critical infrastructure and vulnerable to coordinated cyber-physical attacks. As a result, cyber-physical attacks cause significant threats to the confidentiality and integrity of the power data, including power outages, cascading failures, and unnecessary expenditure. In this study, security issues of smart grid, including cyber-physical interdependency, attack varieties, detection methods, requirements, standards, challenges, and future prospects, are taken into consideration for both cyber and physical systems, aiming to provide an extensive understanding of vulnerabilities and solutions for the smart power grid. By revealing the inherent features of cyber-physical security in the smart grid, this survey study is addressed to facilitate future research in these two areas.
In this study, a novel H ∞ predictive event-triggered load frequency control has been developed for a hybrid power system with renewable energy sources (RESs) to deal with denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, where the DoS duration (the time attack lasts) are boundless. A predictive event-triggered transmission scheme is built for the multi-area hybrid power systems under DoS attacks to reduce the load of network bandwidth while maintaining adequate levels of performance. Therefore, an observer-based predictive controller is developed in the presence of both external disturbances and DoS attacks by formulating the LFC problem as a disturbance attenuation issue. In the proposed method, a hybrid power system with RESs is used to achieve novel and better security strategies. Based on the new model, sufficient conditions are obtained using the Lyapunov stability theory to ensure a stable multi-area hybrid power system with a prescribed H ∞ performance. Moreover, an algorithm is provided to obtain the control strategy of DoS attacks. Finally, the simulation of a hybrid power system with RESs is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in dealing with the DoS attacks. M positive integer N upper bound of the total networked delay Φ symmetric positive definite weighting matrix k s i successful transmitted time of control data packet k s i + m virtual triggering time in controller
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