In this research, a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based sulfuric acid detector is proposed and investigated to identify the exact concentration of sulfuric acid in a mixture with water. In order to calculate the sensing and propagation characteristics, a finite element method (FEM) based on COMSOL Multiphysics software is employed. The extensive simulation results verified that the proposed optical detector could achieve an ultra-high sensitivity of around 97.8% at optimum structural and operating conditions. Furthermore, the proposed sensor exhibited negligible loss with suitable numerical aperture and single-mode propagation at fixed operating conditions. In addition, the circular air holes in the core and cladding reduce fabrication complexity and can be easily produced using the current technology. Therefore, we strongly believe that the proposed detector will soon find its use in numerous industrial applications.
This paper presents a rigorous theoretical analysis of a thulium doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) operating at around 1900 nm. The performance of the amplifier is analyzed based on the concentration of Tm3+ ions, TDF length, and the pumping power, respectively. A broadband gain of around 41 dB is demonstrated for a Tm3+ doped fiber length of 10 m, and an optimized pump power of 400 mW, while employing an in‐band pumping scheme. The minimum noise figure of 4.15 dB is achieved within a broad bandwidth of around 120 nm.
Radio over Fiber (RoF) is a technology that inherits both from optical and wireless technologies in order to send radio frequency signals over a fiber architecture. RoF technologies are mainly utilized in the front-haul link of telecommunications architecture, where the base stations communicate with the central station. This is conventionally done either through microwave signals or copper cables. In this paper, we have designed and evaluated a full-duplex link between four base stations and a central station. The error performance of the system is evaluated in terms of eye-diagrams and Q-factor using Optisystem. The system is found to perform reasonably well up to a link length of 90 km for 5 Gbps data transmission with a Q factor of 30.8.
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