AbSTR Ac TThis study aimed to translate and adapt the Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain questionnaire into the Arabic language and evaluate the validity and reliability of this scale for participants with knee or hip osteoarthritis. This questionnaire was translated based on the Manufacturers Alliance for Productivity and Innovation protocol. The test-retest reliability was calculated using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Then, Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the internal consistency of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain questionnaire. After that, the criterion validity was evaluated against the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score. A total of 90 participants were included in this study, of which 29 participants were re-evaluated for reliability testing. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of the Knee Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain questionnaire were 0.841, 0.923 and 0.911 for the total, constant, and intermittent knee pain, respectively. Cronbach's alpha was 0.88, 0.93 and 0.94 for the total score, the intermittent knee pain and the constant knee pain, respectively. Eventually, criterion validity was r = 0.24(P < 0.05). Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain in Arabic is a valid and reliable instrument to be used in Arabic-speaking patients with knee/hip osteoarthritis.
BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is considered the fifth leading cause of visual impairment worldwide and is associated with a huge social and economic burden.OBJECTIVE: Describe the practicality of non-mydriatic funduscopic screening photography for the detection of DR among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.DESIGN: Cross-sectional hospital-based study.SETTING: Diabetes center, Riyadh.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between July and December 2017, patients with diabetes and aged ≥18 years were selected by systematic random sampling from the University Diabetes Center. Fundoscopic eye examination was performed using the TRC-NW8 non-mydriatic camera, which performs ocular coherence tomography (OCT) to detect macular edema. Using telemedicine, pictures were graded by a retinal-specialized ophthalmologist using the international clinical DR disease severity scale. Patients were classified according to the type and severity of DR.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Detection and classification of DR.SAMPLE SIZE: 978 Saudi patients with diabetes.RESULTS: Of 426 (43.5%) patients with DR, 370 had nonproliferative DR and 55 had proliferative DR. Nineteen (1.9%) had macular edema. The most important risk factors for DR were longer diabetes duration and poor glycemic control. Both older age and insulin use contributed to the higher prevalence of DR and macular edema. DR was more common among type 1 patients at 55.4% compared with 49% among type 2 patients. In addition, more females had macular edema (57.1% versus 42.9% among males). Nine patients with macular edema (47.3%) had hypertension while 154 of 426 patients with DR (36.2%) had hypertension.CONCLUSION: Non-mydriatic funduscopic screening photography was practical and useful for the detection of DR in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.LIMITATIONS: Conducted in a single center.CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.
Background Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is a common complication of long spinal fusion. The prevalence of PJK ranges between 6 and 41% and frequently requires reoperation. One of the potential causes is thought to be posterior muscle dissection within the fused range at the time of posterior fusion. Various measurement protocols have been tested to evaluate extensor muscle strength, endurance and power in adults. However, it is not universally accessible and is rarely used clinically due to the high cost, requirement for considerable user expertise, demands on the functional capacities of the patient and protracted testing time. Currently, the Biering–Sørensen test is the most widely used isometric test for assessing extensor muscle endurance. But, it was deemed unsuitable and difficult for older patients with chronic low back pain undergoing spine surgery. In this study, we designed a simple method that allows us to perform lumbar spine extensor strength tests in a comfortable seated position. This study aimed to assess the within-day and between-day reliability of this novel test for evaluating back extensor strength in healthy individuals. Methods In this study, we examined 79 healthy subjects (33 males and 46 females), who were 25–63 years of age. The subjects were placed in a seated position on the novel chair and secured tightly with a lap belt. In each session, the subjects were asked to extend their backs against the force transducer at maximum capacity, maintaining the extension for 5 seconds. The maximal force delivered over that period was recorded. The subjects had a practice trial followed by three forceful extensions with pausing intervals of 30 seconds. Measurements were obtained by one of three trained raters, and the average force of all three trials was recorded. A follow-up session was carried out within 14 days. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to assess within-day and between-day reliability. Results The mean force in the initial session was 314.6±118.3 N, and it was 318.6±123.6 N in the follow-up session. The ICCs for within-day reliability and between-day reliability were 0.89 [95%CI: 0.83–0.92] and 0.88 [95% CI: 0.81–0.93], respectively. There was a strong correlation between the average measures of the initial and follow-up sessions (r = 0.80; p < 0.001; R2 = 0.62). Conclusion The use of the static dynamometer chair is a reliable, non-invasive, cost-effective test that facilitates the assessment of the strength of lumbar spine extensors in healthy adults.
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