An updated species list of cynipids in Turkey and knowledge on their distribution and host plant/gall in the country are presented in this study. The present list has been based on previous studies in the literature and contains all reported cynipids from Turkey, including a new record (Andricus istvani Melika, 2008). In total, the Cynipidae in the Turkish fauna presently comprises 148 species in 25 genera and 9 tribes.

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A new species of cynipid herb gall wasp, Aulacidea turcica Azmaz & Katılmış sp. n., (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Aulacideini) is described from Turkey. Based on morphological characters, A. turcica belongs to the genus Aulacidea. Both sexual females and males of this species are known and the females induce galls on the stem of Digitalis ferruginea. This is the first record of host use in the genus Digitalis and possibly the family Plantaginaceae by a species of Aulacidea. Five species belonging to Aulacideini were previously known from Turkey. SEM images and data on the diagnosis, distribution, and biology of the new species are provided.

Introduction The tribe Synergini belongs to the inquiline group in Cynipidae (Hymenoptera). The cynipid inquilines have lost the ability to induce galls, but they are also phytophagous insects, like the gall wasps. They can also affect gall inducers negatively (Wiebes-Rijks and Shorthouse, 1992). However, inquiline larvae do not behave like parasitoids (Evans, 1965; Shorthouse, 1973; Shorthouse, 1980; Wiebes-Rijks, 1980), but they compete for food sources and/or space (Pujade-Villar et al., 2003). Forty-eight species of Synergini are known in the Western Palearctic. Thirty species of them belong to Synergus (Pénzes et al., 2012). Two new oak gall species (Andricus askewi, Andricus megalucidus) have been described from Turkey (Melika and Stone, 2001; Melika et al., 2004). Katılmış and Kıyak (2008) listed 81 gall-inducing wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with a new genus from Turkey. Tavakoli et al. (2008) described a new species from Turkey and Iran (Andricus megatruncicolus). Other gall-inducing wasps on oaks and herbs have been recorded as new to Turkey

Three new species of herb gall wasps (Cynipidae: Aulacideini and Phanacidini) are described from Turkey. Aulacidea turguti sp. nov. induces galls on Hieracium patentissimum Freyn & Sint. ex Freyn, 1895 (Asteraceae) and was collected in Gümüşhane province, Phanacis ciceki sp. nov. and Phanacis urhani sp. nov. were collected in Gümüşhane and Ordu Provinces, the former inducing galls on Picris sp. and the latter on Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., 1835–36 (Asteraceae). SEM images, gall photos, distribution, biology, and diagnostic morphological characteristics of the three new species are provided.