Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is one of the greatest threats to wildlife species and their habitats in India, as well as a major challenge for the well-being and livelihoods of rural communities. India has the world's largest human population and the largest wild populations of tigers, Asian elephants, one-horned rhinos, Asiatic lions, and other globally threatened species, which often share space and resources with humans. HWC can result in crop and livestock losses, human injuries and deaths, property damage, and negative attitudes towards wildlife conservation. This paper aims to review the causes, impacts, and mitigation measures of HWC in India, drawing from various sources of literature and data. The paper also discusses the social, economic, and ecological dimensions of HWC, and the challenges and opportunities for achieving a socially just form of conservation that balances human needs and wildlife protection.
Kleptoparasitism is a foraging strategy that involves stealing food from other animals. Frigatebirds are seabirds that are known to engage in kleptoparasitism, especially on other nesting seabirds such as boobies and tropicbirds. This paper reviews the kleptoparasitic behavior of frigatebirds, focusing on the factors that influence its occurrence, frequency and success. The ecological and evolutionary implications of kleptoparasitism for frigatebirds and their prey is also assessed. The paper draws on evidence from various studies conducted in different regions of the world, including the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The review indicates that kleptoparasitism is a complex and dynamic behavior that reflects the interactions between frigatebirds and their environment.
The present study investigates the epibiotic relationship between the Nile crocodlei (Crocodylus niloticus) and the Egyptian plover (Pluvianus aegyptius), also known as the crocodile bird. Epibiosis is a form of symbiosis where one organism resides on the surface of another. To understand this relationship, the present study examines the ecological and evolutionary context of it, as well as the behavioral and physiological mechanisms that facilitate it. Furthermore, the present study evaluates the implications and challenges for conservation of this relationship. To achieve these objectives, a literature review on this topic summarizes the main findings, which indicate that the crocodile offers a safe habitat for the plover to roost and nest, while the plover cleans the crocodile’s teeth and removes parasites. However, the present study also identifies the limitations and gaps in the current knowledge and proposes directions for future research. This study argues that this relationship between living organisms is a remarkable case of cooperation and confidence in nature, and that it deserves more interest from researchers and decision-makers.
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