Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) was pretreated with 2% (v/v) HNO3 and degraded by Aspergillus niger EFB1 crude cellulase. Through 2 Level Factorial Design (2LFD), it was found that OPEFB concentration, temperature, incubation time, concentration of Tween 80 and agitation speed have significant effect in reducing sugar production. A standard Response Surface Methodology (RSM) design known as Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to optimize the enzymatic degradation condition of OPEFB in rotary drum bioreactor. Reducing sugar level of 1.183 g/L was obtained with the following optimized degradation conditions: 1.95% (w/v) OPEFB, 0.5% (v/v) Tween 80, 55 °C, 87.5 rpm in the incubation period of 3 days and 16 h. The optimal degradation condition improved reducing sugar production by 1.07 fold compared to that before optimization in shake flasks culture. The optimization strategy of enzymatic degradation of OPEFB inside rotary drum bioreactor led to increase in glucose, xylose, arabinose, galactose and mannose production by 3, 2.5, 1.64, 19.37 and 22.52 fold, respectively. The improvement in reducing sugar and polyoses production were comparable with the reduction in OPEFB cellulose and hemicellulose content by 89.32% and 48.17% respectively after enzymatic degradation in optimized condition.
Corn silk is a by product that is commonly used as a traditional medicine that contains bioactive compounds such as volatile oils, steroids, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and phenolic compounds, containing minerals, high crude fiber, vitamins (B, C, and K), steroids such as sitosterol and stigmasterol, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, etc. The solvent used for the extraction of flavonoid compounds are methanol, ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate. Basic separation by solvent extraction is the difference in the solubility of each composition in compaction with solvent. Solubility is influenced temperature, stirring speed, the extraction time, comprehensive tangent plane solids by solvent extraction and frequency. This study aims to extract corn silk by using a variation of the solvent type in terms of yield, total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. The variations of solvent are methanol: water; ethanol: water; ethyl acetate:water, acetone: water, (85:15, v/v). Variations in the type of solvent with the highest yield at a ratio methanol:water, and the ratio ethanol:water, then the ratio acetone:water and the lowest ratio of ethyl acetate:water. At ratio methanol:water obtained yield is 65.8%, total phenol is 45350.27 mg/kg GAE, total flavonoids is 291.28 mg QE/kg and activities of antioxidant is 92.1%.
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