With twice the volumetric energy density as lithium, magnesium is a promising material for next-generation energy storage devices. Although magnesium rechargeable batteries were once believed to be even safer than lithium, the mechanisms governing multivalent metal deposition under practical operating conditions are still poorly understood. Through a comprehensive study of electrodeposition in coin cells over a wide range of current densities, we report a transition from charge-transfer-limited to diffusion-limited processes at timescales defined by the transport properties of the electrolyte. Our results explain controversial ideas such as 3D growth within the context of classical electrochemical theories and lay groundwork for future approaches to achieve stable electroplated multivalent metal electrodes.
Here, we demonstrate the utilization of biocompatible Prussian blue (PB) active coatings onto polyester-carbon nanotube (CNT) threads to enable a fiber-based platform for both power harvesting and continuous motion sensing. First, we show experimental evidence supporting that the mechanistic power generating mechanical−electrochemical coupling in an electrochemical generator (ECG) is best achieved with K-ion insertion, in contrast to the expected preference for Li-ion insertion for batteries. We then construct KPB fibers and demonstrate power generation in an ECG device up to 3.8 μW/cm 2 at low frequencies relevant to human motion in either an aqueous or polymer gel electrolyte media. Further, by stitching these yarns into gloves or arm sleeves, our results show the continuous monitoring of finger or arm motion, respectively, during slow and repetitive human motion. Overall, our work demonstrates an ECG platform that overcomes the performance and integration barriers toward combined textile integration and human motion sensing while leveraging common materials and understanding extending from alkali metal-ion batteries.
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