The production of activated carbon from the cacao (Theobroma cacao) skin waste was investigated to be used as a super capacitor electrode. This study was conducted in order to obtain the characteristics of the activated carbon electrodes of cacao skins. Activated carbon electrodes were made by a combination of chemical and physical activation methods. Samples were pre-carbonized at 250°C for 2.5 hours, whereas chemical activation was performed using KOH activators of 0.3M and 0.4M, with physical activation temperatures of 700°C, and the particle size of the activated carbon used is smaller than 38 µm. Then it was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), the CiklicVoltammetric (CV) method, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Hence, the analysis was carried out on the specific dimensions, density and capacitance. It was found that the mass, diameter, thickness, and density of the electrodes have decreased, and the specific capacitance of the electrodes has increased along with the increase in KOH concentration from 0.3 M to 0.4 M. The specific capacitance value at a concentration of 0.3 M was 90.2 F/gr with a density of 0.850gr/cm3 and a concentration of 0.4 M was 140.2 F/gr with a density of 0.802 gr/cm3. The X-ray diffraction curve data showed that the value of Lc and the lattice distance (d002) of C0.4 samples was smaller than the C0.3 sample. From the obtained results, the surface area of the C0.4 sample was greater than the C0.3 sample. It was clear that the chemical activation of 0.4M produces electrodes with better performance than 0.3M.
Identification of the potential of cacao peel as the basic material of environmentally friendly supercapacitor electrodes had been identified. This identification was carried out through analysis of specific dimensions, densities, and capacitances. Activated carbon electrodes were made by a combination of chemical and physics activation methods. The technique of preparing carbon electrodes started from pre-carbonization, milling, chemical activation, pellet making, carbonization, and completed it with physics activation. In addition, the chemical activation applied 0.3 M KOH activator, whereas the physical activation used CO2 gas at a temperature of 700°C. The physical properties were tested by density and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dipersive X-Ray (EDX). While the electrochemical properties were tested using the Ciclic Voltammetric (CV) method. The results showed that the mass, diameter, thickness, and density of the electrode decreased after passing the carbonization-activation process. A value of 2θ in the range of 23,569o for the reflection fields 002 and 44,781o for the reflection field 100 was obtained in the XRD measurements . The X-ray diffraction curve pointed out that the surface area of C 0,3 M sample was sizeable with the Lc value and lattice distance d002 around 20,01669 Å and 3,771705 Å. SEM analysis indicated the presence of pores between particles spread almost evenly on the surface of the sample, with an irregular and elongated shape. EDX testing showed carbon element of 87.05% while atomic percentage of 91.02%, and correspondently, electrochemical test showed the value of specific capacitance obtained at a concentration of 0.3 M was 90.2 F/gr with a density of 0.850gr/cm3. From the results of the tests obtained, it was shown that cacao peels was very potential to be used as electrodes for supercapacitors.
Dispensasi kawin merupakan pengecualian aturan atau hukum yang diberikan kepada pemohon untuk melangsungkan pernikahan. Dalam penelitian ini penulis mengupas tentang putusan permohonan dispensasi kawin di Pengadilan Agama Dumai. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan (Field Research), metode yang dipakai adalah pendekatan kualitatif. Dimaksud untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang baik, jelas, dan dapat memberikan analisa tentang objek yang diteliti. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang melatar belakangi pemohonan dispensasi kawin yaitu anak pemohon dan calon pemohon berpacaran dan sudah pernah melakukan hubungan badan layakya suami isteri tetapi belum hamil. Pengadilan Agama Dumai dalam menolak permohonan dispensasi kawin tidak berdasarkan Nash Syara’ hanya berdasarkan hukum positif. Hakim tidak memperimbangkan dampak negatif yang akan terjadi yang bisa menimbulkan mafsadat yang lebih besar. Seperti halnya akan terjadi pernikahan siri atau pernikahan dibawah tangan dan terjadinya hubungan diluar nikah kembali. Hakim seharusnya juga melihat dari beberapa unsur kepastian hukum, kemanfaatan dan keadilan.
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