This study examined the infleunce of three types of boot-sock systems on incidence and severity of foot blisters. Participants were 357 men undergoing U.S. Marine recruit training at Parris Island, South Carolina. Each participant was assigned to one of three treatment groups. The first group wore the standard military boot sock consisting of a wool-cotton-nylon-Spandex combination. The second group wore the standard military boot sock with a thin inner or liner sock consisting of polyester. The third group wore a very thick, dense, prototype outer sock consisting of a wool-polypropylene combination over the same liner sock as the second group. Foot blister incidence was lower among participants who wore the the prototype boot sock and liner than among those wearing the standard military sock (40 vs. 69%, p < 0.001) or among subjects wearing the standard military sock with liner (40 vs. 77%, p < 0.001). Foot blisters and cellulitis severe enough to require medical attention occurred with greater frequency in the standard military sock group compared to both the prototype boot-sock group (24 vs. 11%, p = 0.02) and the standard military sock with liner group (24 vs. 9%, p < 0.01); there was no difference between the latter two groups. Blister reduction was most apparent in the early weeks of recruit training. The standard military sock with a polyester liner reduced the incidence of severe blisters, but the dense sock with the polyester liner reduced the overall incidence of blisters as well as the incidence of severe blisters.
This study was undertaken to develop an anesthetized dog heatstroke model. Forty-six animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (25 mg/kg) intravenously, and maintained at an ambient temperature of (42-46 degrees C) with a water-heated blanket over 2.5-3.0 h until rectal temperatures rose to 43.0-44.5 degrees C. Animals then cooled passively until death occurred or until 18 h elapsed, and were prepared for autopsy. Liver, kidney, and brain temperature, mean weighted skin temperature, mean weighted surface heat loss, and metabolic rates were obtained. There were no significant differences between liver, kidney, brain, and rectal temperatures during the heating and cooling periods. Cardiac output rose to 127% of initial value, and dropped rapidly to zero at 43.4 degrees C rectal temperature. The rapid decline was accompanied by a doubling of heart rate and a rapid drop in blood pressure and respiratory rate. Cheyne-Stokes respiration and apnea preceded bradycardia followed by asystole or ventricular fibrillation. Certain serum constituents demonstrated modest elevations suggestive of widespread tissue damage. Autopsy did not reveal a clear pattern of heat injury, with the exception of consistent congestion of the major organs and karyorrhexis of lymphocytes. These data are in agreement with similar data from human heatstroke victims and other heatstroke modeling in dogs, and support the concept that the anesthetized dog can in many respects provide an adequate model for human heatstroke.
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