To meet the growing demand of the soybean consumer market, cultivars increasingly early, productive and resistant to biotic and abiotic stress are sought. Several populations are obtained in soybean breeding programmes, but progeny are selected without being weighted for their respective population effect. As a consequence, progeny originating from high-merit populations may be discarded too early. Given this scenario, this study proposes to employ the selection index with progeny and population effect via best linear unbiased prediction (SIPP-BLUP) for the genetic selection of early and productive soybean progeny. A total of 180 progeny derived from three populations were evaluated for yield-related traits. Genetic gains from selection, Spearman correlation and coincidence index were used to check the efficiency of the models with and without the population effect. The SIPP-BLUP index achieved greater selection accuracy and was efficient in the identification and future selection of early soybean progeny. Therefore, this study demonstrates that soybean breeding programmes should consider the population effect via SIPP-BLUP in progeny selection to obtain future lines that really contribute to genetic gain. K E Y W O R D Saccuracy, breeding values, earlier-maturing progeny, genetic gain, genotype × environment interaction, mixed models, soybean seed yield
Path analysis allows understanding the direct and indirect effects among traits. Multicollinearity in correlation matrices may cause a bias in path analysis estimates. This study aimed to: a) understand the correlation among soybean traits and estimate their direct and indirect effects on gain oil content; b) verify the efficiency of ridge path analysis and trait culling to overcome colinearity. Three different matrices with different levels of collinearity were obtained by trait culling. Ridge path analysis was performed on matrices with strong collinearity; otherwise, a traditional path analysis was performed. The same analyses were run on a simulated dataset. Trait culling was applied to matrix R originating the matrices R 1 and R 2. Path analysis for matrices R 1 and R 2 presented a high determination coefficient (0.856 and 0.832, respectively) and low effect of the residual variable (0.379 and 0.410 respectively). Ridge path analysis presented low determination coefficient (0.657) and no direct effects greater than the effects of the residual variable (0.585). Trait culling was more effective to overcome collinearity. Mass of grains, number of nodes, and number of pods are promising for indirect selection for oil content.
ABSTRACT. The aim of this research was to evaluate vitreousness in commercial corn hybrids with flint and dent grains and to study the effect of this characteristic on agronomic behavior, nutritional value, and ruminal degradability of grains harvested in silage maturity. Twelve commercial corn hybrids were evaluated. They were divided in two groups (six with flint grains and six with dent grains). The experiments were conducted in two municipalities represented by Guarapuava and Laranjeiras do Sul, both in Paraná State. The harvest for the grain quality analysis was performed at ¾ of the milk line stage in the grain. The following characteristics were evaluated: grain yield, grain yield in silage maturity, vitreousness, ruminal digestibility of grain, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and crude protein. The grains in the group of dent hybrids exhibited better degradability associated with lower vitreousness than the group of flint hybrids. The group of dent hybrids exhibited better ruminal digestibility of the grains associated with lower vitreousness versus the group of flint hybrids. There is a negative correlation between vitreousness and the digestibility of the grain; thus, vitreousness can be a criterion for selecting genotypes for forage production.
The study of soybean (Glycine max) biometry and phenology can detect characteristics that interfere with yield, and quantitative plant development may vary according to the interaction between the genotype and the environment, and in different phenological development stages of the plant. This study evaluated the quantitative changes and phenological development caused by sowing date and their relation to grain yield of four contrasting soybean cultivars. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications, being the sowing date allocated to plots and the cultivars to subplot. The height of plants, diameter and number of nodes of the main stem, number of the branches, and leaf area index (LAI) were determined at four growth stages: V4, V9, R2 and R5.3, and the number and dry matter (DM) of the nodules at R5.3 growth stage. There was a reduction of growth in all cultivars with delayed sowing dates; however, the cultivar of determined growth habit showed to be less responsive to different sowing dates than the other cultivars. The DM of nodules was higher when plants were sown in October, and the cultivar with larger LAI obtained more DM of nodules than the others cultivars. The definition of the final quantitative characteristic of the plants occurred after the growth stage V9, and the LAI was the character at R5.3 with highest correlation with grain yield.
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