In this study, the extremely high specific surface area of activated carbon originated from sugarcane bagasse was produced by dry chemical activation. In this process, KOH was used as a chemical agent and directly mixed sugarcane bagasse carbon with KOH powder, which has been treated in a solid form. In particular, the influences of the impregnation ratio and activation temperature were investigated. The as-prepared activated carbons were characterized by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), which aims to determine the surface area of activated carbon and Raman Spectra analysis to examine the vibration modes of material characteristics. The maximum specific surface area of the activated carbon reached 3554 m2/g at 800 °C and an impregnation ratio of 1:4. Furthermore, the Raman spectra of activated carbon exhibited graphite structure for sample in impregnation ratio 1:2 and 1:3 due to having of G and G−1 band. This material is essential for make battery.
One of the criteria of a city categorized as Smart city is the ability to manage infrastructure, property and human resources intelligently. A reliable, sustainable and customable electric energy source is an absolute requirement for a smart city. However, the management of electrical energy must be economically so that it does not burden the local government budget. From a number of infrastructures that consume a lot of electrical energy under the authority of the responsibility of the local government, namely Public Street Lighting (PSL). Lighting from PLS that emits too much light when unnecessary is useless. At present, conventional PLS systems are synonymous with energy waste. Monitors and controls only do locally without having the ability to monitor and control remotely so that if there is damage or theft, it is slow to handle. The solution is to build a smart PSL system and its management. This paper presents a real-world proven solution that relies on aRaspberry Pi, SCADA, and Internet of Things (IoT). This system provide an energy efficiency. Smart PSL will work intelligently in accordance with their environmental conditions. Lighting and illumination are arranged based on the presence of people and vehicles so that they can avoid over lighting and glare. SCADA and IoT technologies are used for work process monitoring systems and data viewers that are carried out continuously and in real time. The result is the smart PLS mode is 43% more efficient than conventional PLS modes.
Warga Kampung Guha Kulon Desa Leuwikaret Kecamatan Klapanunggal Kabupaten Bogor terdiri dari 233 keluarga yang sebagian besar berpenghasilan rendah. Sementara itu, akses menuju fasilitas umum seperti tempat ibadah sangat minim penerangan. Kondisi jalan yang gelap, naik turun dan tidak rata dapat menimbulkan resiko kecelakaan dan kejahatan. Bercermin pada kondisi tersebut, maka kebutuhan akan penerangan jalan umum menjadi utama. Dengan pertimbangan kemampuan ekonomi warga Kampung Guha Kulon, penerangan jalan utama menggunakan tenaga surya lebih cocok diterapkan. Sistem Penerangan Jalan Umum Tenaga Surya (PJUTS) memiliki keunggulan dibandingkan sistem PJU dengan sumber listrik dari PLN, karena PJUTS mendapatkan sumber energi langsung dari matahari. Sehingga masyarakat tidak perlu membayar tagihan tambahan untuk PJUTS. Komponen pada PJUTS adalah panel surya, lampu sorot dengan sumber tegangan DC, dan baterai. Melalui pemasangan PJUTS diharapkan warga Kampung Guha Kulon dapat melaksanakan ibadah dengan baik dan nyaman, meningkatkan pengetahuan akan instalasi listrik tenaga surya, serta meningkatkan kesadaran pengunaan energi terbarukan tenaga surya. Pemasangan PJUTS dilakukan sebanyak 5 titik dengan 10 lampu PJU.
Beberapa daerah pedesaan di Indonesia masih memiliki rasio elektrifikasi yang rendah karena letak geografis yang menyulitkan dalam membangun jaringan listrik. Alternatif solusi agar mendapatkan energi listrik adalah menggunakan panel surya. Namun, keluaran dari panel surya bersifat intermitten, sehingga memerlukan tempat penyimpanan energi listrik atau baterai. Teknologi baterai terkini adalah baterai lithium ion yang diklaim memiliki lifetime yang lama dan mudah dalam perawatan. Namun saat ini, tegangan yang dihasilkan oleh baterai lithium ion hanya 3,7V sedangkan jika ingin dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber listrik rumah tangga diperlukan tegangan minimal 12 Volt. Sehingga peneliti mendesain baterai lithium ion yang menghasilkan tegangan 12 V dengan cara merangkai baterai secara seri dan parallel, serta disusun dalam panel yang compact dan dilengkapi dengan baterai managemen system (BMS). Kinerja dari baterai ini diuji mulai persatuan baterai hingga terwujudnya baterai pack. Hasil pengujian, baterai pack menghasilkan tegangan 12 V, 60 Ah, dan dapat digunakan selama 8 jam untuk beban 57 W. Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk pengisian baterai yaitu 24 jam dengan pengisi daya 2 A.
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