Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) is one of the fungal soil-borne plant pathogens causing significant yield and quality losses in cereals. Chemical attempts are not only insufficient for controlling such pathogens, but also they bring hazardous effects on the environment and living organisms. Therefore, environment-friendly plantbeneficial microorganisms including bacteria would replace chemical control agents as promising and sustainable pest management. Numerous studies showed that some strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria comprising the enzyme ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate)-deaminase could promote the plant growth acting as a biological control agent by lowering the level of excessive ethylene in plants exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study was aimed to evaluate the rhizobacterial isolates obtained from rhizosphere of cereal plants in Konya and Karaman provinces in Turkey for potency of enzyme ACC-deaminase activity and in vitro/in vivo suppression ability on F. culmorum. In total 31 out of 463 rhizobacterial isolates successfully suppressed in vitro growth of F. culmorum on potato dextrose agar following dual-culture technique. Afterwards, the successful isolates were examined for ACC-deaminase activity using ACC as the sole nitrogen (N) source. Two isolates coded as Gu2 and 127b with the highest enzyme ACC-deaminase activity were included in pot trials under controlled conditions for assessing in vivo pathogen suppression ability on wheat seedlings. The in vivo pathogen suppression efficiency of Gu2 and 127b isolates was determined as 81.25% and 37.50%, respectively. It was determined that both rhizobacterial isolates belonged to Bacillus spp. with high reliable score based on MALDI Biotyper System classification results.
Fusarium culmorum is a soil-borne fungus able to cause crown and root rot on different small-grain cereals, particularly in wheat and barley. For controlling such diseases, application of fungicides is inadequate in some cases besides their hazardous effects for environment and living organisms. As an alternative solution to chemicals, development and screening the resistant wheat genotypes has been emphasis in the recent plant defense studies. In the present study, totally 90 bread wheat genotypes developed for rainfed area were included in the experiment to be evaluated for resistance to F. culmorum in controlled conditions. The experiment was set up according to randomized complete block design with 4 replications for each entry. The wheat seeds were sown in the soil contaminated with F. culmorum, for control the seeds were sown in uncontaminated soil. The plants were kept in plant growth chamber at 23±2°C and 80% humidity for 8 weeks. The resistance levels of genotypes to F. culmorum were determined considering the 0-10 scale. The plant genotypes based on scale values were divided into 3 groups that were susceptible (≥3 scale value), moderately resistant (scale values between 1-3), and resistant (≤1 scale value). As a result, 2 genotypes were grouped as resistant, while 11 of genotypes were moderately resistant against F. culmorum. The rest of genotypes were taken to susceptible group with scale values above 3.
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