Genetic linkage maps are valuable tools for genetic, genomic, and crop breeding studies. Several genetic linkage maps were constructed for the olive (Olea europaea L.) genome, mainly using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. However, AFLPs and SSR markers were not enough to develop a high-density olive linkage map. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), a recently developed single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification methodology based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, has been demonstrated to be useful for the identification of a high number of SNP markers and the construction of high-density genetic linkage maps. In the present study, we identified a total of 10,941 SNPs from a cross between the olive cultivars 'Gemlik' and 'Edincik Su' using GBS and de novo SNP discovery implemented in the computer program "Stacks." A high-density genetic linkage map for the olive genome was constructed using 121 cross-pollinated full-sib F1 progeny and 5643 markers (21 SSRs, 203 AFLPs, and 5736 SNPs). This linkage map was composed of 25 linkage groups, covering 3049 cM of the olive genome, and the mean distance between the flanking markers was 0.53 cM. To the best of our knowledge, this map is the most saturated genetic linkage map in olive to date. We demonstrated that GBS is a valuable tool for the identification of thousands of SNPs for the construction of a saturated genetic linkage map in olive. The high-density genetic map developed in this study is a useful tool for locating quantitative trait loci and other economically important traits in the olive genome.

Punctuation has usually been ignored by researchers in computational linguistics over the years. Recently, it has been realized that a true understanding of written language will be impossible if punctuation marks are not taken into account. This paper contains the details of a computer-aided exercise to investigate English punctuation practice for the special case of comma (the most significant punctuation mark) in a parsed corpus. The study classifies the various "structural" uses of the comma according to the syntax-patterns in which a comma occurs. The corpus (Penn Treebank) consists of syntactically annotated sentences with no part-of-speech tag information about the individual words.

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Many improvements are performed in the maritime industry to ensure sustainability and energy efficiency. The use of hybrid propulsion systems (HPS) in marine vessels constitutes one of the developments in this field. In this study,both economic and environmental benefits are targeted. The study aims to reduce the high fuel consumption of the engine per unit power at low loads and minimization of emissions by sourcing them from main engine by HPS. Overcoming the limitations of Annex VI (Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships) of International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) are desired and the research hopes for a beneficial result on Energy Efficiency Measures such as Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI). A comprehensive study is accomplished on the hybrid propulsion system components and the keywords used in the literature review are revealed. Furthermore, the articles that have “efficiency”, “vessel”, “propulsion” and “marine” topics published in Web of Science (WOS) between 1975-2020 are examined and 44 studies are obtained. The studies that have been reached are analyzed and interests of them are collect under the 18 heading and the focal point of each study is highlighted in article. According to the results, the hybrid system provides low fuel consumption, minimizes emissions and  costs, complies with the regulations of the International Maritime Organization, uses renewable energy sources, encourages the use of electric motors in addition to internal combustion engines, increases the efficiency of energy storage systems among other things. This article will be a significant resource for academicians, experts and companies on the Hybrid propulsion system in setting their focus.   Keywords: Hybrid propulsion, Energy saving, Global warming.

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The Turkish Merchant Shipping Industry has recently witnessed an increasing awareness of the importance to minimize environmental pollution and fuel oil consumption. Together with certain non-governmental organizations and media concerns about environmental protection, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has been strict on controlling undesirable effects on the environment and, consequently, forcing shipping companies to minimize their emissions. Besides, today’s highly advanced technology companies over the world have developed various innovative systems that can be utilized to minimize carbon emission, thus giving assurance to relevant investors that their investments are most likely to turn out well with a considerable financial gain in the short or long term. Despite all such favorable developments, in a general look, shipping companies seem reluctant in making use of technologies providing efficiency in energy consumption. This reluctance has eventually brought about the term “Energy Efficiency Gap”. This research conducts a questionnaire, created by Acciaro et al. [1], among the shipping companies in Turkey. 20 respondent companies, who represent 26 percent of the Turkish owned merchant marine fleet of over 1000 gross tonnage in terms of deadweight cargo capacity, participated in the research. The Pearson correlation analysis was used, and interpretations were made according to the obtained statistical values. The aim of the research was to identify reasons and points restraining the use of new technologies regarding energy efficiency, as well as to develop proposals for the innovators in this field about how to overcome this handicap concerning technical and managerial aspects of gaining energy efficiency.

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