Chitosan has become the most known and second abundantly available recyclable, non-hazardous and eco-friendly biopolymer after cellulose with several advantageous biomedical, agriculture, and wastewater treatment applications. As nanotechnology has progressed, researchers have begun incorporating chitosan-based carbon compounds into various compounds, elements, and carbonaceous materials to increase their efficiency and biocompatibility. Chitosan carbon compounds have also been used directly in many applications due to their inherent chelating and antibacterial features and the presence of customizable functional groups. In this review, synthesis technologies and microstructure of chitosan composites and its carbon materials in biomedical, agriculture, and wastewater treatment concerning the administration of abiotic stress within plants, water accessibility for crops, scheming food bear pathogens, photothermal cancer rehabilitation, and heavy water pollutants absorption and removal methods are widely deliberated upon, with a relevant discussion of the techniques that can be used to put these into action. Chitosan is also utilized in miscellaneous applications, including the food sector and cosmetics. Overall, chitosan-based carbon compounds promise to extend agricultural practices while also addressing health concerns in an environmentally friendly manner.
Lithium-sulfur batteries are among the rising rechargeable batteries due to their high energy density, theoretical capacity, and low cost. However, their large-scale application is delayed by several challenges, such as degradation due to polysulfide dissolution, low conductivity, and other restricting factors. Li-S batteries have undergone decades of development aimed at improving battery performance by altering the electrode material to overcome these challenges. In the meantime, due to the depletion of fossil fuels and growing energy demand, the need for changes in processes to improve battery performance is now more urgent than ever. Carbon-based materials like conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, Graphene, and activated Carbon have gained extensive attention due to their low cost, easy availability, good cycling stability, and exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Here, we summarize recent progress in carbon-based electrode material in Li-S batteries, the development of electrolytes, and progress in adopting lithium-sulfur batteries as flexible devices. Furthermore, a comparison of Li-S batteries based on similar parameters with its rechargeable battery competitors is discussed and a comparison with other non-carbon-based electrodes used in the lithium-sulfur battery is also examined. Finally, a general conclusion and future directions are given.
Bio-derived activated porous carbon is readily used because it exhibits high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, high stability, environment-friendly nature, and easy availability. All of these properties make it a unique and a perfect applicant for energy storage devices. Biowastes such as corncobs, walnut shells, human hair, jute, oil seeds, and bamboo are utilized as precursors in manufacturing porous carbon. The use of bio materials is preferred because of their abundance and biodegradable nature. The production of porous carbon was carried out through pyrolysis with the help of acid, primarily KOH, as the active substance. The ambient temperature for conducting pyrolysis is 400-800oC. Pyrolysis can be either fast or slow, with fast pyrolysis being helpful in most experiments. Food wastes like peels and shells are among the most significant biowaste sources alongside farm waste like rice husks, coconut shells, etc., which are not just waste and can be utilized for sustainable living. The porous carbon is formed from food waste from toxicity reducer in wastewater to for a supercapacitor or a bio anode in a microbial fuel cell. It is oneway sustainable development and is now highly economical. Moreover, in scientific aspects, their validity in a field and lowered expenses in some cases, the benefits of their usage may vary. This paper aims to extensively review all of the research conducted for Bio-waste utilization and its conversion to porous carbon for further use in super capacitance applications
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been studied extensively utilizing the catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) process for several decades. CCVD is seen to have a better degree of control and scalability. CNTs have proved to be useful in single-molecule transistors, scanning electron microscope (SEM) tips, gas and electrochemical storage, electron field emitting flat panel displays, and sensors. This review summarizes various stabilizing agents such as cobalt ferrite and molybdenum disulphide that can increase the electrochemical activity of the carbon doped-graphene nanomaterials as graphene doped with carbon shows a great improvement in the properties in various aspects. We also looked into the electrochemical applications where CNTs are used as a prerequisite. Carbon nanotubes are seen in biosensors, energy storage, conductive plastics, and power fuel cells. Carbon nanomaterials’ influence on symmetrical and asymmetrical supercapacitors, carbon nanomaterials to power dye-synthesized solar cells, and the importance of CVD in the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials were also investigated.
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