Review—Contemporary Progresses in Carbon-Based Electrode Material in Li-S Batteries

Abstract

Lithium-sulfur batteries are among the rising rechargeable batteries due to their high energy density, theoretical capacity, and low cost. However, their large-scale application is delayed by several challenges, such as degradation due to polysulfide dissolution, low conductivity, and other restricting factors. Li-S batteries have undergone decades of development aimed at improving battery performance by altering the electrode material to overcome these challenges. In the meantime, due to the depletion of fossil fuels and growing energy demand, the need for changes in processes to improve battery performance is now more urgent than ever. Carbon-based materials like conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, Graphene, and activated Carbon have gained extensive attention due to their low cost, easy availability, good cycling stability, and exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Here, we summarize recent progress in carbon-based electrode material in Li-S batteries, the development of electrolytes, and progress in adopting lithium-sulfur batteries as flexible devices. Furthermore, a comparison of Li-S batteries based on similar parameters with its rechargeable battery competitors is discussed and a comparison with other non-carbon-based electrodes used in the lithium-sulfur battery is also examined. Finally, a general conclusion and future directions are given.

Retracted: Advances in chitosan biopolymer composite materials: from bioengineering, wastewater treatment to agricultural applications

“…It was evident that it may easily create composites with various metals (N 2 , O 2 , Si, etc), compounds (Al 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , etc), carbonaceous materials (biochar, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, activated carbon, etc), and agrowaste (coconut husk, tea, etc). Chitosan's thermal and mechanical stability can be increased by utilizing grafting and cross-linking agents and various biopolymers such as cellulose [147,[154][155][156][157][158][159]. Chitosan derived from chitin can be modified using a variety of synthesis techniques (electrospraying, electrospinning, ionotropic gelation, reverse micelle, and spray drying), allowing it to be used in a variety of fields, including agriculture, biomedical, agro-waste management, water treatment, microbial fuel cells, cosmetics, textiles, paper, and pulp.…”

Electrochemical performance study of nano-Fe3O4/C modified separator for lithium-sulfur batteries

“…To address these challenges, researchers have devoted significant efforts to finding solutions. Carbonaceous materials have been widely investigated as hosts for sulfur in Li-S cells due to their ability to improve conductivity, trap soluble LiPSs, and mitigate volume changes in the sulfur cathode [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. However, conventional carbon materials lack polarity, making it difficult to effectively immobilize polar polysulfides.…”

Electrolytic preparation of two-dimensional layered sulphur nanomaterials and their application in lithium-sulphur batteries

“…Currently, sulphur cathode material for lithium-sulphur batteries has become a promising battery system because of its high specific capacity [8], abundant resources [9] and environmental friendliness [10][11]. However, the sulphur cathode has poor electrical conductivity, the phenomenon of body expansion, and the "shuttle effect" of the intermediate lithium polysulfide in the charging and discharging process [12][13][14]. Improving the conductivity and stability of sulphur-based cathode materials is an urgent requirement for exploring new sulphur-based cathode materials.…”