Disease outbreaks and pathogen introductions can have significant effects on host populations, and the ability of pathogens to persist in the environment can exacerbate disease impacts by fueling sustained transmission, seasonal epidemics, and repeated spillover events. While theory suggests that the presence of an environmental reservoir increases the risk of host declines and threat of extinction, the influence of reservoir dynamics on transmission and population impacts remains poorly described. Here we show that the extent of the environmental reservoir explains broad patterns of host infection and the severity of disease impacts of a virulent pathogen. We examined reservoir and host infection dynamics and the resulting impacts of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungal pathogen that causes white-nose syndrome, in 39 species of bats at 101 sites across the globe. Lower levels of pathogen in the environment consistently corresponded to delayed infection of hosts, fewer and less severe infections, and reduced population impacts. In contrast, an extensive and persistent environmental reservoir led to early and widespread infections and severe population declines. These results suggest that continental differences in the persistence or decay of P. destructans in the environment altered infection patterns in bats and influenced whether host populations were stable or experienced severe declines from this disease. Quantifying the impact of the environmental reservoir on disease dynamics can provide specific targets for reducing pathogen levels in the environment to prevent or control future epidemics.

Several recent studies have reported that various bat species harbor bat hepatitis E viruses (BatHEV) belonging to the family Hepeviridae, which also contains human hepatitis E virus (HEV). The distribution and ecology of BatHEV are not well known. Here, we collected and screened 81 bat fecal samples from nine bat species in Japan to detect BatHEV RNA by RT-PCR using HEV-specific primers, and detected three positive samples. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that these three viruses were BatHEVs belonging to genus Orthohepevirus D like other BatHEV strains reported earlier in various countries. These data support the first detection of BatHEVs in Japanese microbats, indicating their wide geographical distribution among multiple bat species.

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Diets and foraging sites of the Grey Heron, Ardea cinerea, in the breeding season were investigated by means of collecting regurgitated food items under nests and direct observations at foraging sites at 18 heronries in all over Japan. The diets extended several taxonomical animal groups. However, a large proportion of fish, both marine and freshwater, and a small one of mammals and birds characterized Grey Herons in Japan, compared with European ones. Grey Herons substantially depended on artificial foraging environments such as rice fields and fish-farmin preserves.

Betacoronaviruses, containing sarbecoviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS‐CoV) and merbecovirus such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), caused three human outbreaks in the past 2 decades; in particular, SARS‐CoV‐2 has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Since the ancestor of betacoronaviruses originated from wild bats, unidentified bat betacoronaviruses are presumed to be transmitted to humans in the future. In this study, we detected novel bat merbecoviruses from Vespertilio sinensis and Eptesicus japonensis, belonging to the family Vespertilionidae, in Japan. We found that these merbecoviruses were phylogenetically most closely related to the those previously detected in China. Alignment of the predicted receptor‐binding motif on the spike proteins indicated that the Japanese bat merbecoviruses did not possess the specific amino acid residues that could be responsible for binding of MERS‐CoV to the human dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 receptor, which is unlikely to infect humans. This study demonstrated that bat merbecoviruses are widely conserved in multiple bat species of Vespertilionidae in East Asia, emphasizing the need for extensive epidemiological and biological studies on bat betacoronaviruses to facilitate the risk assessment of their spillover potential to humans.