Özet: Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı coğrafik ve ekolojik özelliklere sahip Samsun ilinde dağılım gösteren toprakların Newhall simülasyon modeli yardımıyla toprak sıcaklık ve nem rejimlerinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmada uzun yıllar ortalama yağış ve sıcaklık verilerine sahip 6 istasyon (Atakum, Bafra, Çarşamba, Lâdik, Havza ve Vezirköprü) verisi hesaba katılmıştır. Ayrıca ilin iklim sınıflamasını belirlemek amacıyla Erinç ve Thornthwaite iklim sınıflaması kullanılmıştır. Erinç iklim sınıflamasına göre Samsun ilinin doğu kısımları nemli sınıfı içerisinde yer alırken, orta ve batı kesimler yarı nemli sınıfa girmektedir. Thornthwaite iklim sınıflaması dikkate alındığında ise yine doğu kesimler nemli, orta sahil kesimler nemli ve yarı nemli, Bafra ilçesinin yüksek kesimleri ile Vezirköprü yarı kurak az nemli iken, iç kısımlarda yer alan Havza ve Kavak ilçelerinin bir kısmı yarı kurak olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Newhall modeline göre Samsun ilinin sıcaklık rejimi tüm istasyonlar Mesic olarak sınıflandırılırken; nem rejimi bakımından ise Lâdik, Havza ve Vezirköprü Typic Xeric, Atakum ve Bafra ilçeleri Wet Tempustic, Çarşamba ise Dry Tempudic olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Ayrıca, Newhall modeli ile elde edilen toprak sıcaklık ve nem dağılım grafikleri sayesinde toprak su yönetim ve kuraklık çalışmalarına önemli altlık verileri oluşturacağı da önerilmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Toprak nem ve sıcaklık rejimi, Newhall simülasyon modeli, Samsun Determination of Soil Moisture and Temperature Regimes for Samsun Province According to Newhall ModelAbstract: The aim of this research was to determine soil moisture and temperature regimes for soils in Samsun province, which has various geographical and ecological properties, using Newhall simulation model. Data from six stations (Atakum, Bafra, Çarşamba, Ladik, Havza, and Vezirköprü) with average rainfall and temperature records for many years participated in the study. Also, Erinç, and Thorwhite climate classification systems were used in order to determine climate classification of the province. According to Erinç climate classification, the eastern parts of Samsun are located in the humid class while the middle and western sections are in semi-humid class. When the Thornthwaite climate classification is taken into account, the eastern sections are found humid and the middle coast sections are fund humid and semi-humid. The high sections of the Bafra district and the Vezirköprü are semi-arid and less humid, while some of the Havza and Kavak districts in the inner part are classified as semi-arid. According to Newhall model, soil temperature regime of all Samsun' area was classified as Mesic. In terms of humidity regime, Ladik, Basin, and Vezirköprü are classified as Typic Xeric, Atakum and Bafra districts as Wet Tempustic and Çarşamba as Dry Tempudic. It is also suggested that the soil temperature and moisture distribution plots obtained with the Newhall model will provide important support for soil water management and drought studies.
Althaea officinalis L., a plant of the Malvaceae family, is widely used in alternative medicine. The aim of this study is to cultivate the Althaea officinalis plant under in vitro conditions to create an appropriate callus regeneration protocol and investigate the antimicrobial and anticancer activities of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of calli after UV-C application. Leaf, petiole, and root parts of A. officinalis plants germinated in a sterile environment were used as explant sources. Explants were cultured on MS medium containing different concentrations of 2,4-D (1, 2 mg/l) and BAP (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mg/l). The most effective (100%) callus growth and callus weight (516.24±0.48 mg) was observed on petiole explants using MS medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.25 mg/l BAP. Calli obtained from leaf and petiole explants were exposed to UV-C treatment. Extractions of calli were carried out using methanol and ethyl acetate solutions. 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml solutions of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were prepared and their antimicrobial activity on bacteria was investigated using the disc diffusion method for 7 different gram-positive and 9 different gram-negative bacteria. None of the three extract concentrations used had any antimicrobial activities. The anticancer activities of the extracts on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were studied using the WST-1 viability kit. 1000, 500, 250, 125, and 62.5 µg/ml concentrations of ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and petiole calli had anticancer activity.
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