Background: Effective pain assessment and management is widely reported as sub optimal due to inadequate knowledge and negative attitudes among nurses. Aim:To determine nurses' attitudes, knowledge and education needs towards acute pain management in acute hospital settings Methods: PRISMA (2021) and guidelines from the University of York, CRD (2009) informed the design and conduct of this review. We included studies with registered nurses involved in direct adult patient care and acute pain management in hospital settings.
BackgroundKhat (Catha edulis) is a stimulant plant, broadly cultivated and consumed in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It contains Cathinone, which is an amphetamines-like chemical and causes various adverse outcomes for pregnant women and babies when it is consumed during pregnancy. Decisive estimates of the prevalence of khat chewing and related risk factors which may increase this practice have not been determined.AimTo determine the pooled prevalence and associated factors of khat chewing among pregnant women in the Horn Africa and the Arabian Peninsula countries with a view to informing targeted interventions for the region.MethodThe study protocol was prepared and registered on PROSPERO, ID CRD42021190837. A database search including Gray literature and Google scholar was explored to identify 667 studies. Finally, 14 studies were considered relevant for meta-analysis, after removing 259 duplicates, 388 unrelated topics and 6 studies with full text examination. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment tool was used to assess the quality of the studies. The pooled prevalence was determined by using the random-effect model and the p- values of ≤ 0.05 were considered stastically significant to examine associations. Statistical heterogeneity amongst the studies was assessed by Cochrane chi-square and the I2 statistical test.Main FindingsFrom the meta-analysis of 14 studies with 15,343 study participants, the pooled prevalence of khat chewing among pregnant women was 21.42%, 95% CI (14.49 - 29.29); (I 2=99.05% (p<0.0001). The results of the meta-analysis demonstrated that pregnant women who had a khat chewing partner [OR 6.50 (95% CI 5.01, 8.43)]; low educational status [OR 2.53 (95% CI 2.24 - 2.85)], lived in rural area [OR 1.69 (95% CI 1.52 – 1.88)] or had a low level of income [OR 1.70 (95% CI 1.55 – 1.87)] were significantly more likely to chew khat during pregnancy.ConclusionThe prevalence of khat chewing amongst pregnant women in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula has never been measured before and was found to be high. Partners khat chewing status, maternal low educational and economic status were the main factors associated with the problem. Designing intervention strategies to specifically target these risk factors and reduce the burden of the problem for women and their babies is urgently needed.
Background Gender inequitable norms are common cultural traditions across the world, which characterized women as someone who deserves less basic life support and fundamental human rights than men. The unfairness of such practices has demolished women’s quality of life. Studies are limited to measuring some factors in Ethiopia. The information obtained from this study will help to take an evidence-based approach to reduce gender inequitable norms. Objective To assess attitude towards gender inequitable norms and associated factors among male youths from August 16 th – 30 th , 2020 at Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 423 male youths. Gender-Equitable Men Scale was used to measure the attitudes towards gender inequitable norms. The study participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique by allocating a proportion to each kebeles. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify associated factors. The level of statistical significance was set at a p-value of less than 0.05 in multivariable logistic regression. Results The overall prevalence of favorable attitude towards gender inequitable norms among male youths was 47.3% with 95% CI (42%, 52%). No formal education, lower household income, not participating in youth clubs, poor knowledge, and having a prior history of physical violence during childhood were factors significantly associated with a favorable attitude towards gender inequitable norms. Conclusion and recommendation Almost half of the participants had a favorable attitude towards gender inequitable norms. Proactive measures need to be taken to curb the problem by taking integrated interventions for youths like enrolling in school, enhancing participation in a youth club, prevent childhood physical violence, increasing household income, and creating awareness on gender inequitable norms to change traditional beliefs that undermine women.
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