This study was conducted to examine the effect of different wheat straw and concentrate proportions on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth and reproductive performances of F1 cross breed (Boran X Friesian) dairy heifers. Wheat straw (WS) with 93% dry matter content was chopped (3-5 cm in length) and mixed with concentrate, molasses and water. The amount of water used for the preparation of total mixed ration was three fold of the molasses amount. Twelve dairy heifers (90.45 ± 7.37 kg LW, mean ±S.D) were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments (WS80= 80% WS: 20% concentrate; WS60 = 60% WS: 40% concentrate) and WS40 = (40% WS: 60% concentrate) in a completely randomized block design. The diets were offered ad-libitum and allowing 15-20% refusal. The experiment was consisted of 345 days of feeding trial and 7 days for the measurement of digestibility. Different wheat straw and concentrate proportion had no significant effect on organic matter intake of dairy heifers. In contrast, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes were greater when the heifers were fed WS40 versus the other treatments. The greater (P<0.001) DM, CP, ADF and NDF digestibility, feed conversion efficiency and growth rate were observed in WS40 than the other treatments. The greater (P<0.001) body weight at first service for dairy heifers was perceived in WS80 than the other dietary treatments. Conversely, the smallest age at first service, age at first conception and number of service per conception for dairy heifers was noticed in WS40 than the other dietary treatments. Raising dairy heifers by using 40% wheat straw and 60% concentrate can be recommended for practical application.
Dry brewery spent yeast has high protein (43.5% CP) and metabolizable (14.3 MJ/kg DM) contents and it is an effective animal feed. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the chemical composition, invitro digestibility, and in situ degradability of sun-dried brewer’s yeast and wheat straw. Liquid brewer's waste yeast (BSY) and water were mixed at ratios of 1:5 each, respectively. The mixed debris was immersed for 7 hours in a 200-litter plastic bucket. The material was placed in a fixed location and given time to allow the biomass (residues) to settle in the foundation of the materials. Water accumulated above the biomass was easily removed by tilting the container after the BSY had been soaked with water. After washing the floor to get rid of any dust, the biomass was poured over the area to dry. After three days of sun drying, the dried brewery yeast was collected and removed by using a scraper. The dry spent yeast (DY) and wheat straw (WS) was milled (1-2mm) and mixed uniformly. Six treatments were made with different rates (DY0, DY10, DY20, DY30, DY40, and DY50 for DY: WS at 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50, respectively) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Three cannulated Boran-Friesian steers with average body weight (480 kg) and age(42 months) were used to incubate samples for 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The nylon bags were 6.5 by 14 cm and had a 50 µm pore. Ash, crude protein (CP), digestible organic matter in the dry matter, estimated digestible protein, and metabolizable energy contents were increased in proportion to dry yeast inclusion increased, while all fiber fractions were declined (P < 0.01). Chemical composition of wheat straw is improved by the addition of dry yeast (50%) and raising the concentrations of Ca, P, Cu, and Zn (P < 0.01) while lowering the other minerals (K and Fe). As dry yeast inclusion increased, the kinetics of DM, CP, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) breakdown similarly accelerated (P < 0.01). Therefore, we advise limiting the use of wheat straw can be improved with the inclusion of dry brewery spent yeast. However, feeding experiments are needed to verify the context of animal performances and economic returns.
Background Dry brewer spent yeast (DBSY) has high crude protein (CP) (43.2%) and metabolizable energy (14.3 MJ/kg) contents and it is an alternative animal feed for the improvement of the productive and reproductive performance of the animals. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of DBSY on the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, and in situ degradability of wheat straw (WS). Methods Liquid brewer spent yeast (BSY) and water was mixed at a ratio of 1:5, respectively. The mixed debris soaked for 7 h in a 200-L plastic bucket. The water accumulated above the biomass was removed by tilting the container after the BSY was soaked in water. After three days of sun drying, DBSY was collected and removed with a scraper. The DBSY and wheat straw (WS) mixed uniformly. Different ratios of DBSY: WS (0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50, respectively, on a DM basis) were prepared. Based on these ratios, the experiment was subjected to a completely randomized design with six treatments comprising DBSY0, DBSY10, DBSY20, DBSY30, DBSY40, and DBSY50. Rumen liquor was collected from the three cannulated Boran-Friesian steers (42 months old and weighed 480 kg). The steers were fed natural pasture hay ad libitum supplemented with 2 kg concentrate per day/head. The sample was incubated in a test tube at 39 °C for 48 h with 10 ml of rumen fluid and 50 ml of buffer solution. The enzymatic digestion with acid pepsin solution was continued for another 48 h. Blank and standard samples were also incubated with buffered rumen fluid for correction and precision check-up of in vitro organic matter digestibility. Digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) was determined after drying and ashing the residues. The sample (3 g and 2 mm sieve size) with nylon bags (6.5 X 14 cm and 50 μm pore size) was entered sequentially and manually pressed deep into the liquid phase of the ventral sac of the rumen and incubated in the rumens (6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h) of three fistulated Boran × Holstein–Friesian steers. After removing the bags from the rumen, it was washed in running water for 20 min. The bags with residues were dried at 55 °C for 72 h in an air-forced oven, hot weighed, and finally, the residues recovered for further CP and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) analysis. Results The highest ash, metabolizable energy, estimated digestible CP, DOMD, CP, Ca, P, Cu, Zn contents and the better DM, NDF, and CP ruminal degradability, and the lowest (P < 0.01) crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, NDF, K & Fe contents were observed in DBSY50 than the other DBSY inclusion level. In DBSY50, the potential degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED) for DM of WS were improved by 52.22% and 56.17%, respectively. In DBSY50, PD and ED (NDF) in WS were increased by 60.34% and 65%, respectively. Similarly, in DBSY50, PD and ED (CP) of WS also improved by 54.20% and 63%, respectively. Conclusion The inclusion of DBSY can improve the limited utilization of wheat straw, but this study should be verified with a feeding experiment to identify and recommend the most promising, economical and biological inclusion level of DBSY.
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