Colorectal cancer is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. In 2009, an estimated 106,100 new cases of colon and 40,870 cases of rectal cancer will occur. During the same year, it is estimated that 49,920 people will die from colon and rectal cancer. 1 Despite these statistics, mortality from colon cancer has decreased slightly over the past 30 years, possibly due to earlier diagnosis through screening and better treatment modalities. This manuscript summarizes the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for managing colon cancer. The guidelines begin with clinical presentation to the primary care physician or gastroenterologist and address diagnosis, patho-The NCCN

In 2009 an estimated 40,870 new cases of rectal cancer will occur in the United States (23,580 cases in men; 17,290 cases in women). During the same year, an estimated 49,920 people will die from rectal and colon cancers. 1 Although colorectal cancer is ranked as the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, mortality from colorectal cancer has decreased during the past 30 years. This decrease may be due to earlier diagnosis through screening and better treatment modalities. The recommendations in these clinical practice guidelines are classified as category 2A except where noted, meaning that there is uniform NCCN consensus, based on lower-level evidence (including The NCCN

In this study, the small subunit (18S) ribosomal DNA gene from an aurantiactinomyxon form of unknown taxonomic position (A1) and from its aquatic oligochaete host (Tubifex ignotus) were characterized. Molecular sequence information on A1 was obtained to allow comparisons of this gene with known sequences from known myxosporean forms, and therefore to investigate possible relationships between this organism and its alternate myxosporean stage. Sequence data for the oligochaete host, together with morphological features, will allow reliable identification of this species in the future. Sequence data derived from the 18S DNA gene and data from other related or non-related organisms were analyzed and used to construct a phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic studies provided an insight into the taxonomic position of A1. Sequence similarities within the 18S rDNA A1 gene and compared organisms indicated that A1 was most closely related to members of the suborder Variisporina (Myxidium lieberkuehni [Ml] and Sphaerospora oncorhynchi [So]). Clustering of the 3 organisms in the same branch was well supported by high bootstrap values (81%). A1 showed higher similarities with sequences of Ml (approximately 80%) than with So (approximately 79%). Myxosporean sequence analysis indicated that phylogenetic arrangements do not support traditional classification based on morphological criteria of the spores, but rather support arrangement by tissue location. Marine actinosporeans Triactinomyxon sp. and Tetraspora discoidea were found to be associated with Platysporinid myxosporeans, supporting previous findings. In this study, 18S rDNA sequence data are generated for first time for the aquatic oligochaete T. ignotus. Phylogenetic 18S rDNA gene analyses performed with T. ignotus support and confirm existing morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies. Paraphyly of the Tubificidae family was noticed. KEY WORDS: Aurantiactinomyxon · Tubifex ignotus · 18S rDNA sequences · Phylogenetic analysisResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

Among 257 rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) caught from Lough Aderry, a freshwater lake in East Cork, Ireland, 18 fish showed tumorous slun growths up to 1.4 cm in diameter The s~n g l e or mulhple tumours occurred most often at the base of the fins. The invasively growing neoplasms enclosed kerahn-forming epithelia1 pearls and necrotic foci and were associated with extensive inflammation.A total of 257 rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) collected in May 1987 from Lough Aderry, East Cork, Ireland (Irish Grid Reference W 937 736) were investigated. Fish were examined both externally and internally for visible neoplasms. Of the fish caught ? % showed tumorous skin growths. Whole fish were fixed in Bouin's solution; the abdominal wall was opened to facilitate fixation of viscera. Tissues were embedded in paraffin wax, sections cut at 5 to 7 pm and stained with Ehrlich's haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Selected sections were also stained with Gram's stain and Periodic acid Schiff's reagent (PAS).Fork-length and weight of fish ranged from 11.5 to 18.3 cm, 24.0 to 82.7 g respectively, and ages as determined from scale reading varied from 2+ to 3 + yr.Single or multiple external tumours were found in different regions of the body, but most frequently on the base of the caudal fin (Fig. 1). Tumours were raised, firm to touch, and deep red to brown in colour. Tumour size varied from 0.2 X 0.2 to 1.1 X 1.4 cm.The epidermis of normal skin consists of a stratified squamous epithelium -the basal layer of cells having vertical orientation. Spherical mucous cells are interspersed throughout the epithelium and open onto the surface within the upper zone; club cells are numerous in the middle epidermal and the dermis is composed of fibrous connective tissues, scales and pigment cells.On microscopy, skin tumours were seen to be composed of sheets, cords and clusters of pleomorphic, squamous cells showing individual cell keratinisation and an infiltrating growth pattern (Fig. 2), -appearances characteristic of squamous-cell carcinoma. Invasion of the dermis and muscularis was associated with a n intense inflammatory reaction. Individual neoplastic cells were large, round or elongated and slightly fusiform in shape with basophilic cytoplasm, pleomorphic nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. Mitotic figures