Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) plays an important role in areas such as environment-oriented surveillance and traffic monitoring. Here we have explored the large contribution of routing to WSNs. This paper is primarily intended to categorize routing issues and investigate optimization issues related to routing. The following describes various features related to routing energy, security, speed, and reliability issues. The documentation is then analyzed for simulated environments and test configurations, knowledge of quality of service (QoS) and implementations in various applications.. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks; reliability, energy-efficient data communication; energy management; energy enviorment
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of autonomous sensors distributed in space to monitor physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, and pressure, and to coordinate communications. The information collected reaches its destination through the network infrastructure. Energy-efficient routing protocols are becoming more important because sensor nodes are power-limited devices. Several tiered routing protocols have recently been proposed to minimize power consumption. For example, LEACH is a basic hierarchical routing protocol that uses clustering to achieve energy efficiency. Much research has been done to eliminate the shortcomings and improve the performance of hierarchical routing protocols. WSN hierarchical routing protocols and analyzes the capabilities and performance of existing hierarchical routing protocols. It also compares existing routing protocols, highlights key technical differences, and provides a performance comparison of some LEACH-based routing protocols. Finally, this article highlights the issues and challenges of existing WSN routing protocols. It supports future research on the selection of appropriate research areas and provides guidance on the selection of energy saving methods in the energy efficient design of WSN routing protocols. Keywords: wireless sensor network, routing protocols, CSMA, CH, TDMA
People all over the world want to stay connected by audio as well as video services.3G provide this facility. WLAN provides better data speeds at lower rates. In a wireless network various multiple access technologies such as wireless LAN and UMTS are used because cellular networks like UMTS provide various voice and data services and WLAN provides high speed. Integration of these two allows operators to deploy low cost and high speed WLAN to cover hotspot. Furthermore the architecture of WLAN and UMTS integration allows mobile nodes to continue data connection (ps) through WLAN and voice connection (cs) in parallel. In this paper WLAN and UMTS architecture along with its advantages and handover scheme is being proposed.
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