The research was carried out to study the distribution of some macro nutrients and chemical Properties in some semi–arid soils of Borno state. Three composite soil samples were collected at different locations at depth of 0-20 cm which were analysed for some macro nutrients and chemical properties. University of Maiduguri (Unimaid) soil is slightly acidic to neutral in reaction, low in electrical conductivity (EC), high base saturation, low in percent organic carbon, moderate in calcium, high in magnesium, low in potassium, high in sodium, low in available phosphorus. Dalori soils were neutral in reaction, low in EC, high base saturation low in percent organic carbon, low in calcium, high in magnesium, low in potassium, high in sodium, low in available phosphorus. Gongulong soil was moderately acidic in reaction, moderate in EC, high base saturation, moderate in percent organic carbon, high in calcium, very high in magnesium, moderate in potassium, high in sodium, low in available phosphorus.
Secondary metabolites from weeds have potential as a natural herbicide and are safe for the main crop. This study aimed to screening secondary metabolites in Mikania micrantha extract and their effect on the agronomic, physiological and histological characteristics of barnyardgrass and lowland rice. A non-factorial randomized block design was used, with extract concentrations of Mikania micrantha (0; 20; 40; 60; 80; 100 %) and 2,4-D dimethyl amine herbicide as comparison. The M. micrantha extract presented favonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. The concentration of 20-100 % inhibited the barnyardgrass growth, but was considered safe for the lowland rice, and increased the root length and volume, while the concentration of 60 % increased the number of leaves and stomatal density in the lowland rice. The concentration of 20-100 % significantly inhibited the root volume, biomass, SPAD total chlorophyll and growth reduction of barnyardgrass, and it was classifed as an inhibitor. The barnyardgrass tocixity also increased as the concentration grew from 60 to 100 %. The M. micrantha extract reduced the barnyardgrass growth by 63.5 %, being close to the percentage presented by the 2,4-D dimethyl amine (65.6 %).
This study aimed to identify the optimum rice stem cutting size combined with the application of Seprint liquid organic fertilizer (SLOF) to promote the growth and yield of ratoon rice. This research was conducted in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, from January to August 2018. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design factorial with four replications. The first factor consisted of the cutting sizes of the rice stem (R1 = 5 cm, R2 = 10 cm, and R3 = 15 cm) and the second factor involved the SLOF dosage (S1 = 5 mL L −1 , S2 = 10 mL L −1 , and S3 = 15 mL L −1 ). The parameters were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the means were determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). The results showed that the R2 treatment significantly increased the ratoon rice height at 10 to 30 days after cutting (DAC), the number of tillers at 40 to 60 DAC, the number of productive tillers, and the yield per hectare. The S2 and S3 applications at significantly increased the yield per hill and ratoon rice height at 20 DAC. The R2S1 and R2S2 combination treatments significantly increased the number of filled grains per panicle and the ratoon rice height at 10 DAC. Cutting the stems at 10 cm combined with various dosages of SLOF resulted in greater growth and yield of ratoon rice for achieving an adequate food supply.
Abstract. Shade intensity is one of the most important requirements for plant growth, affecting growth, development, survival, and crop productivity. This study aims to evaluate the growth and productiom of New Superior Rice Varieties In The shade Intensity. This study was conducted in BalaiPengkajianTeknologiPertanian, Pagar Merbau, Deli Serdang, North Sumatra. The research used completely randomized design with twofactors. The shade intensity (N) were 25%, 50% and no shade intensity as a control. Whereas new superior rice varieties were V 1 : Inpara 2, V 2 : Suluttan Unsrat 2, V 3 : Inpari Mugibat, V 4 : Inpari Sidenuk, V 5 : Mekongga, V 6 : Ciherang, V 7 :Inpari 10, V 8 : Inpari 3, V 9 : Inpari 4, V 10 : Inpari 30, dan V 11 : Cibogo. The result indicated that new superior rice varietiesshowedsignificant effectonthe growth and productionvariablesuch as leaf area, where Inpari Sidenuk variety was the highest among the varieties. Total chorophyll, the highest was found on Inpari variety. Number of tillers and plant height where the highest was found on Ciherang variety. The shade intensity showed significant effect on leaf area, where 25% shade intensity was the highest. Total chlorophyll, the highest was found on 50% shade intensity, number of tillers, the highest was found on no shade intensity.
Farmers in Indonesia generally spray herbicides to control weeds and use tillage during the early stages of crop cultivation; consequently, these activities affect the weed composition and diversity. This study aimed to evaluate the dominance and diversity index of weeds and obtain abundance correlations according to the soil chemical characteristics, as well as the effect of the ammonium glufosinate herbicide, in different tillage systems. A non-factorial randomized block design was used, consisting of no-tillage (NT), 1-time tillage (T1) and 2-times tillage (T2), with three replications. The Cyperus rotundus and Ageratum conyzoides weed species were dominant in the tillages. The diversity indices were 2.261, 2.196 and 2.234 (moderate/stable condition), respectively for the NT, T1 and T2. For T2, there were increases of 2.82-folds, 41 populations and 2.43-folds, respectively for A. conyzoides, Cynodon dactylon and Euphorbia heterophylla, when compared to NT, while a decrease was observed in grasses for T1 and T2 (50.71 and 26.05 %, respectively). Moreover, there was a positive and significant correlation for E. heterophylla according to the soil cation exchange capacity (0.727). In contrast, four new weed species (Glyceria maxima, Leersia oryzoides, Scoparia dulcis and Anthoxanthum oculatum) were found due to the ammonium glufosinate application, in the different tillage systems.
The formulation of the problem in this study is how the role of the teacher in motivating students' learning in VIII grade SMP Negeri 2 Pulau Makian. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of teachers in fostering learning motivation of eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Pulau Makian Regency of South Halmahera in 2015/2016. The research approach used is qualitative. The research location was SMP Negeri 2 Pulau Makian, Malapat Village, West Makian Subdistrict, South Halmahera Regency, which was held from February to April 2017. The subjects of this study were teachers and students of class VIII of SMP Negeri 2 Pulau Makian with a technique of collecting data through observation, interviews, documentation. The results of this study are then processed and analyzed qualitatively using the theories or opinions of relevant experts. Based on the results of research on the motivation of independent learning of students in Civics education in SMP Negeri 2 Pulau Makian, it was concluded that motivation for independent learning in PKn subjects was to arouse students to learn, give teachings on achievement which students reach later on and form good learning habits. The forms of motivation for independent learning include determining the atmosphere of fun teaching and learning, providing interesting learning material giving gifts to those who excel, giving punishment, to those who commit violations, and giving praise. Factors that influence the motivation of independent learning, namely the lack of attention from parents (father and mother): Parents tend to let their children take care of themselves, and the influence of friends or peers. Friends like to invite negative things, such as skipping and not going to school. Keywords: Motivation, for Independent, Learning Students, PKn Subjects
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