The ATT in type 2 female diabetic patients was found to be higher than their non-diabetic controls, but no significant difference could be found between type 2 diabetic male patients and their non-diabetic controls by US. Our results might indicate a possible impact of diabetes on the ATT depending upon gender, but other mechanisms may also contribute to thickening of Achilles tendon.

S.S. and M.D.J. have received research support from Takeda to investigate the effects of pioglitazone on intramuscular triglyceride metabolism.

Increased levels of small, dense LDL are common in Mediterranean women with gestational diabetes. Whether these findings affect the atherogenic process and clinical end-points in these women remains to be determined by future prospective studies.

We demonstrated that ADMA increases and L-arginine to ADMA ratio decreases, even before the development of vascular complications in type 1 DM.

BACKGROUND:The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC) provides uniform diagnostic terminology for communication between pathologists and clinicians. Each diagnostic category is associated with a specific risk of malignancy and a recommendation for its management. The indeterminate diagnostic categories of atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) present a major challenge for both pathologists and clinicians. We report our institution's 3 years' experience with the AUS/FLUS category and follow-up of these patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted for all thyroid fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) between July 2010 and July 2013. During this period, 9242 nodules from 4916 patients were reported according to the BSRTC guidelines. We adopted the AUS terminology in our practice to refer to both AUS, and FLUS. RESULTS: Of the 4916 patients, 347 (7%) were diagnosed as AUS. The malignancy risk for patients who underwent surgical resection after initial diagnosis of AUS was 22.8%, whereas that for patients who underwent a second FNA and surgical resection was 36%. When we included patients with second FNA and without surgery, the malignancy risk was 15.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The malignancy risk for AUS reported in the present study is consistent with those reported previously and is higher than those anticipated according to the Bethesda System. This supports that a multimodal approach (clinical, radiologic, and cytopathologic) is necessary for the management of thyroid nodules diagnosed as AUS. Therefore, we suggest that the recommendation for repeat FNA following an initial diagnosis of AUS should be based on a multimodal approach for each particular patient. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:604-10.

Although osteoporosis is reported as a potential complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), the effects of type 2 DM on bone mass are conflicting. Most of the studies conducted in recent years reveal that bone mineral density (BMD) values of type 2 DM patients are not decreased and even increased when compared with healthy control groups. In this study we evaluated bone turnover in 57 postmenopausal type 2 DM patients utilizing biochemical markers for bone formation and resorption, and BMD measurements. We found that BMD values in diabetic patients (0.91 +/- 0.11 g/cm(2) for lumbar region, 0.89 +/- 0.14 g/cm(2) for hip region) were higher than healthy postmenopausal control group (0.81 +/- 0.12 g/cm(2) for lumbar region, 0.76 +/- 0.10 g/cm(2) for hip region). Serum alkaline phosphatase values were similar to the control group, whereas serum osteocalcin and N-telopeptide/creatinine (NTx/Cr) values were significantly lower than the control group (osteocalcin: 8.82 +/- 4.03 ng/ml, NTx/Cr: 122.70 +/- 81.76 nMBCE/mMCr) in diabetic patients (osteocalcin: 4.44 +/- 3.53 ng/ml, NTx/Cr: 42.24 +/- 29.97 nMBCE/mMCr). Also a significant correlation was observed between body mass index and BMD values. Our findings suggested that the bone turnover rate is remarkably lower in type 2 DM patients compared to healthy postmenopausal patients.

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to investigate plasma adiponectin concentration and its relation with metabolic parameters in overweight and normal weight subjects. The study was carried out in 46 overweight subjects (20 male, 26 female; mean age 39.4 ± 10.2 years) and 48 (19 male, 29 female; mean age 36.1 ± 10.6 years) sex-and age-matched normal weight subjects. Anthropometric measurements were recorded and adiponectin, glucose, insulin, lipid profile, total homocysteine (tHcy) and fibrinogen levels were measured. The insulin resistance index was assessed by homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Plasma mean adiponectin concentrations of the overweight subjects were significantly lower than those of normal weight subjects (15.0 ± 4.2 vs 17.3 ± 5.6 ng/ml) (P<0.05). In overweight subjects, adiponectin levels negatively correlated with body weight (r = -0.35, P<0.001), body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.28, P<0.006), systolic blood pressure (r = -0.21, P<0.04), fasting insulin (r = -0.19, P<0.01) and HOMA-IR (r = -0.20, P<0.01) and positively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (r = 0.27, P<0.009). Overweight subjects with low HDL-C levels had significantly decreased plasma adiponectin levels compared to those with high HDL-C levels (P<0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that BMI, HOMA-IR and HDL-C explained 12%, 20% and 15% variance of the adiponectin concentrations. These findings may suggest that circulating adiponectin is associated with insulin resistance and HDL-C levels independent from BMI in overweight subjects.

Medical treatment can be safely done stopped in patients with prolactinoma and acromegaly when pregnancy is confirmed and reinstituted when necessary. Prospective studies may help to determine the effects of medical treatment during gestation on the mother and fetus.