Summer vegetables are severely affected by high temperature above threshold level which ultimately results in serious losses of their production. To cope with these economic losses different strategies had been adopted. The present study was designed to screen out heat tolerant genotypes of bell pepper. For this purpose, experiment was conducted in plant growth room in Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Ten genotypes of bell pepper (C1G3, C3G5, C7G4, V6G4, C2-E, C5G4, C43-D, C4G3, C43-A, C2G3) were brought from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute Faisalabad (AARI) and were grown. Heat treatment up to 40 ̊C was given. Data regarding agronomic traits (number of leaves, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight, seedling fresh weight, electrolyte leakage) and physiological (Stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency) was collected. Proper statistical designs were used to analyze the data. The research findings proved that heat stress significantly affected physiology, morphology and mechanisms of screened genotypes which followed the order for the heat stress as C5G4, C1G3, C2G3, C43-A, C3G5, C43-D, V6G4, C4G3, C43-A and C2G3, respectively. The collective effects of all these changes under high temperature stress resulted in poor plant growth and productivity. On the basis of physical and physiological parameters, genotypes C5G4, C1G3 and C43-A were among the most tolerant group and the most resistant genotypes.
Water is an essential input for agricultural development and irrigated agriculture. However, groundwater reliance is rising due to lack of canal water and is often inferior quality, costly, scarce, and ultimately expensive for smallholders. Moreover, as hunger rises daily due to population growth, additional irrigation water systems are needed to extend the cropping patterns. Therefore, wastewater (WW) use in agriculture has been increased on a growing scale over the last decades due to its fertilizing capacity and decrease in canal water and freshwater availability. It enhances soil productivity by contributing organic matter contents and preserves water and nutrients for plants. Various traditional treatments such as primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments are being used, but more working is required due to health and environmental issues. Therefore, the end product of tertiary treatments could be mixed with different water sources (for dilution), phytoremediator plants in channels and use of microbes that eat waste food could be adopted because the maximum crop yield is primarily determined by water quality, as well as climatic conditions, water management practices, chemical and physical soil properties. Besides, we can minimize the all-potential risks associated with agricultural activities and production via strengthened strategies, systemic dialogues, and financial frameworks. The present review discusses WW irrigation are that it provides a safer water source to the farmers and has the beneficial elements of providing essential plant nutrients after treatment and environmental sustainability.
Emerging pollutants reflect a major global water quality problem. When these compounds enter the environment, they cause significant environmental threats to aquatic and human health. Emerging water pollutants (EWPs) include new materials with no regulatory status butthey can adversely affect the environment and human health. Emerging water contaminants can be biological or synthetic that remain unregulated, and pose a potential threat. Major classes of such pollutants are pharmaceuticals, agro-chemicals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), industrial wastes, livestock wastes, synthetic nanomaterials, and petroleum products. These pollutants can enter the environment through numerous sources and pose severe threats to soil organisms, agriculture, aquatic life, and humans. Pharmaceutical waste, industrial effluents, cosmetic and cleansing products, household sanitation, discharge, and synthetic NPs enter water channels, agro-ecosystem, underground water (via seepage), etc., posing a serious threat. These EWPs have different unknown and known effects on animals, plants, and human health, which must be viewed positively. This chapter summarizes the sources and classification of EWPs, their entry into the environment, and their fate. A major focus will be on the end sink of pollutants with potential threats and risk evaluation for plants and human health.
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