Zadeh introduced the concept of Z-numbers in 2011 to deal with imprecise information. In this regard, many research works have been published in an attempt to introduce some basic theoretical concepts of Z-numbers to model real-world problems. To understand the current challenges when dealing with Z-numbers and the feasibility of using Z-number in solving real-world problems, a comprehensive review of the existing work on Z-number is paramount. This paper consists of an overview of existing literature on Z-number and identifies some of the key areas that are required for further improvement.
The incredible development in the utilization of smartphones has driven the development of billions of software applications famously known as 'apps' to accomplish roles outside phone call and SMS messages in the day-to-day lives of users. Current assessments show that there are a huge number of applications developed at a meteor pace to give clients a rich and quick client experience. Mobile apps users are more concerned about stability and quality now more than ever despite the increase in the scale and size of apps. As such, mobile apps have to be designed, built, and produced for less money (maintainability, portability, and reusability), with greater performance, reliable security and fewer resources (efficiency) than ever before. This paper aimed at providing support for mobile application developers in dealing with the evereluding non-functional requirements by proposing a data-driven model that simplifies the non-functional requirements (NFR) p in the development of an application for mobile devices. The study tries to find out if NFR can be treated the same way as functional requirements in mobile application development. Finally, this paper shows the experimental evaluation of the proposed data-driven model of dealing for nonfunctional requirements in the development of mobile apps and the results obtained from the application of the model are also discussed.
The motion of solid objects or even fluids can be described using mathematics. Wind movements, turbulence in the oceans, migration of birds, pandemic of diseases and all other phenomena or systems can be understood using mathematics, i.e., mathematical modelling. Some of the most common techniques used for mathematical modelling are Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE), Partial Differential Equation (PDE), Statistical Methods and Neural Network (NN). However, most of them require substantial amounts of data or an initial governing equation. Furthermore, if a system increases its complexity, namely, if the number and relation between its components increase, then the amount of data required and governing equations increase too. A graph is another well-established concept that is widely used in numerous applications in modelling some phenomena. It seldom requires data and closed form of relations. The advancement in the theory has led to the development of a new concept called autocatalytic set (ACS). In this paper, a new form of ACS, namely, multidigraph autocatalytic set (MACS) is introduced. It offers the freedom to model multi relations between components of a system once needed. The concept has produced some results in the form of theorems and in particular, its relation to the Perron–Frobenius theorem. The MACS Graph Algorithm (MACSGA) is then coded for dynamic modelling purposes. Finally, the MACSGA is implemented on the vector borne disease network system to exhibit MACS’s effectiveness and reliability. It successfully identified the two districts that were the main sources of the outbreak based on their reproduction number, R0.
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