No abstract

Kök hücreler, çok hücreli canlıların bütün doku ve organlarını oluşturan temel hücrelerdir. Mitoz bölünme ile farklı hücre ve doku tiplerine farklılaşma ve çoğalma yeteneğine sahiplerdir. Kök hücrelerin hasarlı hücreleri değiştirme veya organları yenileme yetenekleri bazı hastalıkların tedavisinde alternatif bir tedavi seçeneği olmasını sağlamıştır. Kök hücre biyolojisinin anlaşılması ve hastalıkların tedavisinde klinik uygulamalar üzerine yoğun çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Son yıllarda özellikle kişiye özel tedavi seçeneklerinin ön plana çıktığı çalışmalar göze çarpmaktadır. Kök hücre biyolojisinde önemli ilerlemelere rağmen, embriyonik kök hücrelerle etik tartışmalar, tümör oluşumu ve doku reddi gibi konular bunların kullanımını sınırlandırmaktadır. Kök hücre teknolojisinin gelişmesiyle yakın gelecekte farklı alanlarda kullanılabilen kök hücrelerle elde edilen doku bankalarının oluşturulması ve kişiye özel tedavi stratejisine katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir. Bu derleme, kök hücre tanımı, kökeni ve sınıflandırılması ile bu hücrelerin rejeneratif tıptaki uygulamaları üzerine odaklanır.

Bee pollen is a honey bee product containing over 250 biologically active substances such as phenolic bases, amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes and coenzymes, vitamins and bio-elements. The composition of bee pollen may vary due to plant sources and its botanical and geographical origin. Bee pollen has been used since ancient times in traditional medicine for its therapeutic effects such as wound healing and hepatoprotective. Bee pollen has been reported to possess antioxidant and radical scavenging activities usually attributed to the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids which are plant-derived polyphenolic substances. The antioxidant capacity of bee pollen depends on the content of total polyphenolic substances. This review presents an overview of chemical composition and antioxidant activity of bee pollen.

St. Johns wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a medicinal plant that exhibits important biological activities exhibit important biological activities being antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and/ or antitumour. The aim of this study was to investigate antiproliferative effect of H. perforatum oil purchased from a commercial vendor on mouse myeloma cells. The cells were treated with various concentration (10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.2% and 0.1%) of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to determine the non-toxic concentration. The cells were treated with various concentrations (15.6-500 ppm) of the oil dissolved in DMSO to examine its antiproliferative activity. Non-toxic dose of DMSO was at the concentration of lower than 0.2%. No effect on the cell proliferation was observed in the applied concentration of the oil. In conclusion, the oil had no antiproliferative effect on Myeloma cells at these concentrations. Hypericum perforatum yağının myeloma hücrelerinde antiproliferatif aktivitesinin araştırılması ÖZ Sarı Kantaron (Hypericum perforatum), antioksidan, antiinflamatuar, immünomodülatör ve/veya antitümör gibi önemli biyolojik aktiviteler sergileyen tıbbi bir bitkidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, lokal bir marketten satın alınan sarı kantaron yağının fare myeloma hücreleri üzerine antiproliferatif etkisini incelemektir. Toksik olmayan konsantrasyonu belirlemek için DMSO Myeloma hücrelerine çeşitli konsantrasyonlarda (%10, %5, %2, %1, %0,5, %0,25, %0,2 ve %0,1) uygulandı. DMSO içerisinde çeşitli konsantrasyonlarda (15,6-500 ppm) çözdürülen yağ, myeloma hücrelerine karşı antiproliferatif etkinliğini incelemek için uygulandı. Toksik olmayan DMSO dozu, %0,2'den daha düşük bir konsantrasyondaydı. Uygulanan konsantrasyonlardaki yağ hücre çoğalması üzerine herhangi bir etki göstermedi. Sonuç olarak, yağın bu dozlarda Myeloma hücreleri üzerinde antiproliferatif etki göstermemiştir.

Total phenolic content, antiradical, antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of grape and apple vinegar ABSTRACT Vinegar is a natural product-produced from alcoholic fermentation-that has shown strong antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic content and antiradical activity of the commercial grape (GV) and apple vinegar (AV) as well as to evaluate their antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. GV showed higher total acidity and total phenolic content, and lower antiradical activity (DPPH activity) compared to AV. The populations of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were significantly reduced by neat GV and AV samples. The antibacterial activity of GV was superior to AV (p<0.05). While AV and GV samples at 50% concentration did not form a visible zone of inhibition against S. aureus, they showed an inhibitory effect against P. aeruginosa (16.25 mm for GV and 16.5 for AV). The vinegar applied at the lowest concentration (25%) did not show any antibacterial effect on either bacteria. Solutions containing 25% to 6.25% vinegar samples prevented almost 100% biofilm formation in both bacteria. Taken together, commercial GV and AV significantly reduced the viability of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, thereby decreasing biofilm formation.

Vinegar is an aqueous food product made by a succession of yeast and acetic acid bacteria activities from fruits that contain high carbohydrates such as apples and grapes. Vinegar has been used as a dietary spice and natural remedy since ancient times due to its therapeutic properties including antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. It has been shown that some bioactive compounds exhibiting antioxidant activity in vinegars lead to anticancer activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate antiproliferative effect of commercial and home-made apple vinegars in native and neutralized form on myeloma cells. In order to neutralize the vinegars, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used. A serial two-fold dilutions of the vinegars (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12%, 1.56%, 0.78%, 0.39%) prepared with cell medium were treated to the cells. The MTT (3-(4.5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay was used to determine the cellular viability in the cells treated with the vinegars. In this study, while commercial vinegar possessed a stronger antiproliferative activity than home-made vinegar, all native vinegars possessed stronger antiproliferative effect than neutralized vinegars. Interestingly, when home-made vinegar (both native and neutralized) concentrations were from 6.25 to 1.56%, the cell viability increased. Apple vinegar exhibited antiproliferative activity on myeloma cells; however, further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying this activity.

Immune system is the basic defense system that protects the body against disease causing pathogens. The immun system use the most effective mechanisms and protects body against foreign materials called antigen. The antigens encounter primarily natural barriers. The antigens that cross natural barriers encounter immune cells in organs such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus. In the first stage, macrophages and phagocytes become active, and in the next stage, B and T lymphocytes are involved in the process. Antibodies produced by B lymphocytes form one of the most important defense mechanism in immune system. This importance of antibody molecules in the immun system has led to scientists work in the field. In 1975, Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein combined B lymphocytes from mice immunized with sheep red blood cells with the infinite growth of mouse myeloma cells to obtain monoclonal antibody-producing hybrid cells and paving the way for the development of therapeutic antibodies. This hybrid cells have ability to produce monoclonal antibodies just binding only to the desired antigen. Monoclonal antibodies have been used in many areas such as diagnosis, treatment and biochemical analysis of diseases worlwide. Nowadays, studies on monoclonal antibody-based treatment and treatment options are still ongoing. This review will focus on monoclonal antibodies and their uses in therapy.

Cannabinoid ligand receptors, GPR55 and GPR119, are widely distributed throughout the body and exerts important biological functions. However, little is known about their roles in testis. This study aimed to examine the expression and distribution of GPR55 and GPR119 during the development of rat testis. Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats (180–240 g) were divided into 10 groups as 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63 and 70 postnatal days of age (PND) (six animals per group). The testicular expression of GPR55 and GPR119 has been investigated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR methods. We observed that GPR55 and GPR119 are expressed throughout the rat testis development from PND 7 to 70, however, no difference was observed between the groups in terms of expression levels except for GRP55 mRNA expression in the group of PND 7. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that GPR55 is expressed in spermatids and spermatocytes in the mid-term tubules and spermatocytes in the late-stage tubules in groups of PND 56, 63 and 70. For GPR119, very intense positivity was observed only in spermatids in the mid-term (stage VII-VIII) tubules in the groups of PND 56, 63 and 70. No significant difference was observed in the number of GPR55 and GPR119 positive cells in testes from PND 56 through PND 70. Taken together, both GPR55 and GPR119 receptors are expressed throughout the rat testis development (PND 7 to 70). These results suggest that GPR55 and GPR119 are involved in the modulation of male reproductive function.