ÖZBu çalışmanın başlıca amacı; olası bir depremde meydana gelecek hasar ve kayıp olasılıklarını tahmin etmeye yarayan bir hasar tahmin metodu geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla; 11 farklı tip betonarme yapı için hasar olasılık grafikleri elde edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında 341 adet betonarme konut binası; yapım yılı, kat adedi ve bina kalitesi gibi ortak özelliklerine göre gruplanmıştır. Toplam 11 farklı bina grubu elde edilmiştir. Binaların tamamı bilgisayar ortamında 3 boyutlu olarak modellenmiş ve her bir bina modeli nonlinear statik itme analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Ardından, analizlerden elde edilen veriler kullanılarak her bina grubu için 4 farklı hasar olasılığını gösteren kırılganlık eğrileri çizilmiştir. 11 farklı bina grubu için toplam 44 kırılganlık eğrisi elde edilmiştir. Çalışma neticesinde elde edilen eğriler kullanılarak benzer özelliklere sahip binaların yer aldığı herhangi bir bölgedeki olası hasarları tahmin etmek mümkündür.Anahtar Kelimeler: Deprem hasar tahminleri, kırılganlık eğrileri, hasar olasılıkları, betonarme binalar. ABSTRACT Developing Damage Estimation Methods for Different Types of Reinforced Concrete BuildingsThe main purpose of this study is to develop a damage and loss estimation method for predicting earthquake damage in a possible earthquake. For this purpose; damage probability graphs have been drawn for 11 different types of reinforced concrete structures. In the study, 341 reinforced concrete buildings are grouped according to common features such as number of stories, age of the building, construction quality etc. A total of 11 different building groupings were obtained. All of the buildings are modeled by 3-D computer modeling and each was analyzed by nonlinear pushover analysis. Then, fragility curves for 4 different damage probabilities were plotted for each of the building groups using the data obtained from pushover analysis results. Total of 44 fragility curves were Not: Bu yazı -Yayın Kurulu'na 03.11.2015 günü ulaşmıştır.-31 Aralık 2017 gününe kadar tartışmaya açıktır.
Abstract-In this study, the fragility curves were formed for 1 and 2 stories reinforced concrete (RC) residential buildings. The information regarding the structures was taken from projects of the buildings. Nonlinear pushover (NP) analyze was performed to 84 RC buildings which were divided to 2 groups. The buildings built 1998 and later were called Group-A. The building built before 1998 was called Group B. As for nonlinear analysis, a 3D computer model was drawn for each building and nonlinear analyses were applied to these models. Each building was analysed for 2 dimensions (X and Y). Totally 168 NP analysis were performed for each building. 4 damage limits (slight, moderate, heavy and complete) and 5 damage zones (undamaged, slight, medium, extensive and collapse) were determined according to maximum interstorey drift ratio. Fragility curve parameters were obtained at the result of the NP analysis. Probability density functions were calculated with the help of lognormal mean and lognormal standard deviation values of limit states. The fragility curves were generalized for the buildings in Group A and Group B. At the conclusion of this work; 8 fragility curves obtained for 1 and 2 stories reinforced concrete buildings in. Using these 8 curves; damage possibility can be estimated for RC buildings which have same features.
In this investigation an approach buclcling analysis for simply supported rectangular reinforced concrete plates under uniaxial compression are developed.The objective of this investigation is to compare buclcling load of the reinforced plate with circular hole and without hole. A laminated composite plate is considered.The finite element models for with central circular hole and without hole are designed. The composite materials and composite laminates materials approach are discussed. The solution of the problem by computer program coded in FORTRAN is explained and numerical example is given.
Abstract-In recent years, nonlinear calculation methods can be easily carried out by means of developing computer technologies. In this way, comparisons of the nonlinear methods have started to increase rapidly and more studies are carried out on regular and irregular buildings. However, it is most important to compare consistency of the methods on buildings. In this study, most common nonlinear static (pushover) and nonlinear dynamic analysis (time history analysis) methods were compared on an asymmetric planned reinforced concrete (R/C) building. Building having horizontal and vertical irregularities was 5-story. Analyses were carried out by using SAP2000 program. The results are discussed in terms of base shear, lateral displacements and top displacement ratios.
Reinforced concrete (RC) beams which are insufficient in terms of shear and flexural capacities are strengthened by various methods. Steel and fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plate bonding methods are very widely used in strengthening of beams. Strengthening methods such as bonding steel and FRP plates have deficiencies as corrosion, fire and buckling. In this work, it is aimed strengthening of damaged RC beams using prefabricated RC rectangular and U cross-sectional plates. The rectangular cross-sectional plates were bonded to the bottom sides of the beams by rods and epoxy. The plates having U cross-section were bonded to the three sides of the beams. The strengthened beams were incrementally loaded up to maximum load capacities. The load carrying capacity of the beams increased 41% with the strengthening rectangular cross-sectional plates, however when the U crosssectional plates were used, the capacity increased up to 76%. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical values. In addition, post-elastic strength enhancement and displacement ductility of beams were investigated. The advantages of this method do not require shuttering, concrete and steel workmanships in situ. Also, the application of this method is very easy and economic. For these reasons, this method should be preferred against other methods.
The topic of this study is to strengthen cracked beams with prefabricated RC rectangular cross-sectional plates. The damaged beams were repaired by epoxy based glue. The repaired beams were strengthened using prefabricated RC rectangular crosssectional plates. The strengthening plates were bonded to the bottom face of the beams by anchorage rods and epoxy. The strengthened beams were incrementally loaded up to maximum load capacities. The experimental results were satisfactory since the load carrying capacities of damaged beams were increased approximately 47% due to strengthening. The post-elastic strength enhancement and the displacement ductility of all the beams are researched during the experiments. The experimental program was supported by a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis. The experimental results were compared with the results obtained from the beam modeled with ANSYS finite element program.
Özet: Deprem riski altındaki yapıların tespit edilmesi ve risk önceliklerinin araştırılması afete hazırlık açısından son derece önem teşkil etmektedir. Bu makale; bir deprem sonrasında binalarda meydana gelecek hasar seviyelerini tahmin etmek için mühendisleri bilgilendirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Deprem riski altındaki bina sayısı göz önüne alındığında bu yapıları tek tek incelemek uzun zaman alan bir süreç oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle bölgesel çalışmalar ve hızlı risk analizi yöntemleri oldukça önem teşkil etmektedir. Konuya ilişkin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı tarafından hazırlanan ve 2 Temmuz 2013'de Resmi Gazete'de yayınlanarak yürürlüğe giren yönetmelikte "Binaların Bölgesel Deprem Risk Dağılımını Belirlemek İçin Kullanılabilecek Yöntemler" başlığıyla verilen performans sıralaması yöntemi önerilmiştir. Bu çalışmada; harita üzerinde hayali bir bölge kurgulanmış ve bu bölgedeki yapıların yönetmeliğe göre performans puanları hesaplanmıştır. Örnek yapı stokunda bulunan binalar performans puanlarına göre sıralanarak deprem risk dağılımları incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada kullanılan yöntem sayesinde çok sayıda binayı hızlı bir şekilde değerlendirmek ve risk önceliklerini belirlemek mümkün olacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Deprem Risk Analizi, Yapıları Hızlı Değerlendirme Yöntemleri, Performans Sıralaması DETERMINATION OF THE REGIONAL EARTHQUAKE RISK DISTRIBUTION USING PERFORMANCE POINT METHODAbstract: Detection of the structures have damage risk is one of the important issues for earthquake engineering. But there is too much building stock in earthquake zones. This article aims to inform engineers about estimation of buildings damage levels after an earthquake. To make individual solution for each building is a laborious task and it takes a long time. Therefore, the rapid risk assessment methods have been gaining importance. For this purpose; The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization has issued a regulation on July 2013. The regulation suggests some rapid assessment methods for distribution of the regional earthquake risk of buildings. In this study; First step methodology of "The Methods to Determine of the Regional Earthquake Risk Distribution for Buildings" was explained according to July 2013 regulation. In this study; a sample region edited on a map then performance scores are calculated for selected buildings. Selected buildings were ranked according to performance scores. Then distribution of earthquake risk of these buildings was examined. Owing to the method used in this study; a large number of buildings will be able to evaluate and prioritize about risks rapidly.
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