Post-cholecystectomy syndrome is suspected when the patients complain about the persistent presence of pain in the right upper abdominal quadrant. Other symptoms might appear which are related to the gastrointestinal tract. These symptoms appear after performing cholecystectomy. The manifestations are usually similar to those experienced before the procedure. In this study, the aim to conduct a literature review to increase the knowledge and to explore facts related to the clinical patterns and causes of post-cholecystectomy syndrome. The most commonly reported cause of this syndrome is the prior development of an extra-biliary disorder, which includes many modalities as peptic ulcer, reflux esophagitis, chronic pancreatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and biliary-related disorders. However, the etiology of postcholecystectomy is hugely variable across the different studies in the literature. Patients that develop postcholecystectomy syndrome usually present with non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms that may or may not be similar to the symptoms that were exhibited before conducting the surgery. Some of the common physiological changes that have been reported with postcholecystectomy syndrome include the disruption of cholecysto-antral reflex, the cholecystosphincter of oddi reflex, and the cholecysto-esophageal related reflexes. In addition, the development of other changes that can significantly affect the normal physiology of the gastrointestinal tract leads to the development of significant symptoms and clinical patterns.
Although the condition is not common, if the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis was established late, many life-threatening complications might develop as sepsis and septic shock, which might lead to multiorgan damage. In the present literature review, we aim to discuss the classification and clinical patterns of necrotizing fasciitis, in addition to the diagnostic criteria and modalities that were reported among studies in the literature to evaluate such cases. Two main types of necrotizing fascitis were reported in the literature, including the poly and monomicrobial types, however, the diagnostic criteria for each are usually similar. Establishing an early diagnosis is essential to achieve better management and reduce the potential development of complications and death. The clinical patterns are the cornerstone for establishing the diagnosis, however, laboratory investigations might also be used as valid approaches to confirm the diagnosis. Many laboratory models have been proposed to establish the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis with variable sensitivities and specificities, and the laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) remains the commonest most efficacious modality. A tissue biopsy can also be used within the clinical settings for indicating the infection, however, it should not hinder the intended surgical interventions. Studies also show that magnetic resonance imaging can adequately detect liquefactive necrosis and is reported with a higher sensitivity than computed tomography. Although the condition is not very common, it might lead to severe consequences, and therefore, early extensive treatment and interventional approaches are encouraged.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.