Introduction: Pakistan is a developing country where the majority of the populationbelongs to the lower socioeconomic class. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and kidneydiseases are increasing day by day in Pakistan. Individuals suffering from chronic illnesses are ata greater risk of problems as compared to the un-sick. Their vulnerable situation and the stressof the event creates a lot of changes, changing the meaning of individual lives altogether. Tounderstand the dynamics of chronic illnesses, it is important to find out what coping strategieswere used by the cardiac and renal failure patients? Objectives: The researchers tried to findout whether cardiac and renal failure patients differ in their coping strategies. Study Design:Quantitative cross sectional study. Period: August 2014. Setting: The data was collected fromthe Dialysis Units of Mayo Hospital, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore General Hospital and all admittedpatients of Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore. These four hospitals have good turn-over ofthe patients. Materials and Methods: Purposive sampling method was used in this study. Forthe collection of quantitative data, a hospital-based survey was conducted by using a structuredinterview schedule. 275 patients (131-cardiac and 144-renal failure) including 184 males and91 females between age of 20 to 110 years were interviewed. Mean age was 44 years (S.D= 15.338). T-Test for independent groups and Pearson’s correlation tests were carried out tocompare cardiac and renal failure patients coping strategies along with descriptive statistics.Results: Results indicate that renal failure patients used more physical coping (M = 11.23), t (df= 273) = -1.235, p<.01 that cardiac patients (M = 10.83), t(df = 273) = -1.242, p<.01. Cardiacpatients used more psychological (M = 28.69), t(df = 273) = 1.511,p<.01and behavioral coping(M = 17.37), t(df = 273) = 3.977,p<.01 than renal failure patients psychological(M = 27.97),t(df = 273) = -1.517,p<.01 and behavioral coping(M = 15.43), t(df = 273) = 3.980,p<.01. F =11.800.1.882, and 0.623 which are greater (i.e., p<.05). Pearson’s Product-moment correlationcoefficient show strong correlation exists between behavioral and psychological coping (r =.428). Conclusions: Study found significant differences between the cardiac and renal failurepatients coping strategies. Renal failure patients used physical coping strategies more whereascardiac patients used more psychological and behavioral coping strategies.
In the current scenario, banking sector is considered a fundamental backbone of every economy in developed and developing countries. The importance of banking was established as it performs major role in every domain of business, as well as in the development of the countries. Banking sector in Pakistan is gradually rising, however, employees in this sector are under a lot of stress due to excessive work load, extra working hours, and in some cases employment insecurity, that may lead to unsatisfactory performance at job. This study highlights the significant positive relationship between bankers' job satisfaction level with their emotional intelligence and workplace environment. It also focuses on the effects that emotional intelligence and workplace environment might have on the banker's job satisfaction level while discussing the contributing demographic factors. The cross-sectional correlational research design was implemented to conduct the study. The data was collected through questionnaire and online surveys from different private and public banking sector employees of Pakistan (Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad). The purposive sampling strategy was done in two stages, in the first stage, random selection of the branches of different public and private sector banks was completed. In the second one, a sample of 200 employees was selected for data collection according to the set inclusion criteria and their specific posted locations. The conclusions of the study suggested presence of a strong relationship between emotional intelligence, core components of emotional intelligence and workplace environment with job satisfaction of employees. Linear regression analysis indicated that emotional intelligence and workplace environment were the strong predictors of job satisfaction among employees, these variables accounted for 60 percent variance. Furthermore, mediation analysis demonstrated that workplace environment significantly mediate the relationship between the employees' emotional intelligence and job satisfaction. Limitations and implications of the study have also discussed.
In order to promote healthful trends, insight is needed in the behavioraldeterminants of nutrition behaviors. Most research on behavioral determinants has been linkedwith individuals’ physical health and socio-economic factors. However, health behavior isinfluenced by individual physical health and abilities. Multiple dynamics of chronic illnesseswithin human body influenced the dietary patterns. For disease prognosis, doctors advisedpatients to observe preventive measures. Objective: The researchers tried to identify thechanges in the dietary patterns protective effects of food consumption such as mutton, chicken,beef, snacks and sweets on chronic illnesses that reduce the risk factors and contribute in thepatients’ health behaviors. Setting: The empirical data was collected from three Dialysis Units:Mayo Hospital, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore General Hospital and all admitted patients of PunjabInstitute of Cardiology, Lahore. Methodology: These four hospitals have good turn-over ofthe patients should in this exploratory study, purposive sampling method was used. For thecollection of quantitative data, a hospital-based survey was conducted by using a structuredinterview schedule. Study Subjects: 275 patients (131-cardiac and 144-renal failure) including184 males (67%) and 91 females (33%) between age of 20 to 110 years were interviewed. Agemean ± standard deviation was 44 years; S.D = 15.338. Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics(frequencies, percentages) and multiple response tables were deployed to find out the researchgoals across heart and kidney diseases. Results: Results indicates that before illness, majority238 (86.5%) of the patients took three meals. After illness, 34% patients changed the foodconsumption. In two meals, 96.7% patients used vegetables, 86.2% used pulses along withchapatti, and 98.5% used tap water to drink. In other drinks, 87.6% used tea, 50.5% used milk,and 52% used to drink lassi. A high proportion (65%) of patients for first treatment consultswith GP’s. 10.6% changed their food consumption on the advice of hakeem/homeopathic and10.6% changed on the advices of others. 78% were unable to perform their daily activities andneed help; 89% patients changed food choices; and 86% patients follow doctors’ advices.Conclusion: Change in diet is a contributing factor towards health and well-being duringillness. It reduces risk factors and a good indicator of patients’ health behaviors to cope withthe disease.
The financial sector in Pakistan is rapidly experiencing changes and reforms that impact the employees’ job performance. Although the argument on how to predict the financial sector employees’ job performance remains complex and always a hard task to evaluate. Preliminary research identifies the existing literature gaps by scrutinizing the substantial role of emotional intelligence (EI) in employees’ job performance (JP). Furthermore, this research explored the association of emotional intelligence, (i.e., self-regulation, self-motivation, self-awareness, and social skills) with job performance along with the mediational role of employees' job satisfaction. For this varied purpose, the sample of N=224 financial sector employees were selected from different cities of Pakistan having an age range between 25 to 50 years. Reliable questionnaires were used for data collection i.e., Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Schutte et al., 1998), Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (Koopmans et al., 2013), and The Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (Spector, 1997,1985). Results revealed a positive association between EI with the JP of the employees. Furthermore, analysis of covariance depicted, emotional-intelligence is a covariate that established a significant outcome on employees’ job performance. Whereas the gender found to have no significant role. Moreover, employees’ job satisfaction significantly mediated the relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance. Comprehensively, this research comes up with meaningful management implications for the financial sector management of Pakistan at the same time as their training and development departments, to design and plan the programs for their prospective employees to enhance their job performance by strengthening their level of emotional intelligence.
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