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This study presents an assessment of the version-6 (V06) of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) product from June 2014 to December 2017 over different hydro-climatic regimes in the Tianshan Mountains. The performance of IMERG-V06 was compared with IMERG-V05 and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42V7 precipitation products. The precipitation products were assessed against gauge-based daily and monthly precipitation observations over the entire spatial domain and five hydro-climatologically distinct sub-regions. Results showed that: (1) The spatiotemporal variability of average daily precipitation over the study domain was well represented by all products. (2) All products showed better correlations with the monthly gauge-based observations than the daily data. Compared to 3B42V7, both IMERG products presented a better agreement with gauge-based observations. (3) The estimation skills of all precipitation products showed significant spatial variations. Overall performance of all precipitation products was better in the Eastern region compared to the Middle and Western regions. (4) Satellite products were able to detect tiny precipitation events, but they were uncertain in capturing light and moderate precipitation events. (5) No significant improvements in the precipitation estimation skill of IMERG-V06 were found as compared to IMERG-V05. We deduce that the IMERG-V06 precipitation detection capability could not outperform the efficiency of IMERG-V05. This comparative evaluation of the research products of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and TRMM products in the Tianshan Mountains is useful for data users and algorithm developers.

The potential of using fenugreek as an alternate annual legume forage (Mir et al, 1993, Can J Anim Sci, 73, 993-996)

This study presented the spatio-temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation events in the Northern Highlands of Pakistan (NHPK). Daily precipitation observations of 30 in situ meteorological stations from 1961 to 2014 were used to estimate the 11 extreme precipitation indices. Additionally, trends in time distribution patterns (TDPs) and return periods were also investigated for event based extreme precipitations (EEP). Results found that the precipitation events with an amount of 160–320 mm and with a concentration ratio of 0.8–1.0 and a duration of 4–7 consecutive days were dominant. The frequency of heavy, very heavy and extremely heavy precipitation days decreased, whereas the frequency of wet, very wet and extremely wet days increased. Most of the indices, generally, showed an increasing trend from the northeast to middle parts. The extreme precipitation events of the 20 and 50-year return period were more common in the western and central areas of NHPK. Moreover, the 20 and 50-year return levels depicted higher values (up to 420 mm) for an event duration with all daily precipitation extremes dispersed in the first half (TDP1) in the Chitral, Panjkora and Jhelum Rivers basins, whilst the maximum values (up to 700 mm) for an event duration with all daily precipitation extremes dispersed in the second half (TDP2) were observed in the eastern part of the NHPK for 20-year and eastern and south-west for 50-year, respectively.