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Multiple-license plate recognition is gaining popularity in the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) applications for security monitoring and surveillance. Advancements in acquisition devices have increased the availability of high definition (HD) images, which can capture images of multiple vehicles. Since license plate (LP) occupies a relatively small portion of an image, therefore, detection of LP in an image is considered a challenging task. Moreover, the overall performance deteriorates when the aforementioned factor combines with varying illumination conditions, such as night, dusk, and rainy. As it is difficult to locate a small object in an entire image, this paper proposes a two-step approach for plate localization in challenging conditions. In the first step, the Faster-Region-based Convolutional Neural Network algorithm (Faster R-CNN) is used to detect all the vehicles in an image, which results in scaled information to locate plates. In the second step, morphological operations are employed to reduce non-plate regions. Meanwhile, geometric properties are used to localize plates in the HSI color space. This approach increases accuracy and reduces processing time. For character recognition, the look-up table (LUT) classifier using adaptive boosting with modified census transform (MCT) as a feature extractor is used. Both proposed plate detection and character recognition methods have significantly outperformed conventional approaches in terms of precision and recall for multiple plate recognition.

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Propaganda is a form of communication that is used in influencing communities, or people in general, to push forward an agenda for a certain goal. Nowadays, there are different means used in distributing propaganda including postings on social media, illustrations, cartoons and animations, articles, TV and radio shows. This paper is focused on election propaganda. Candidates in elections would use propaganda as a form of communication to channel and deliver messages through social media. Sentiment analysis (SA) is then used in identifying the positive and negative elements within the propaganda itself, through analysing the related documents, social media, articles or forums. This paper presents the various techniques used by previous researchers in issues of propaganda using SA, which include feature selection to remove irrelevant features and sentiment methods to identify sentiment in documents or others. Feature selection is a dominant side in sentiment analysis due to content of textual has a high measurement classification that can jeopardize SA classification interpretation. This paper also explores several SA techniques to identify sentiments in issues of propaganda. This study has also attempted to identify the use of swarm algorithms as a suitable feature selection method in SA for propaganda issues.