This laboratory study aimed to compare, contrast, and evaluate the effect of a novel dual surface modification method on the adhesion strength of resin composite cement to titanium. C.p.-2 grade titanium samples were silica-coated, etched with HNO 3 (69vol %) or a blend of HCl (35vol %) and H 3 PO 4 (85vol %), for 1 h at 80 C. Surface roughness was measured by surface roughness profilometry, topographic analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface analyses by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Silanization of all specimens was carried out after SEM, EDX, and AFM analysis, before enclosed mold microshear bond strength testing (EM-μSBS). Adhesion strengths were measured after artificial ageing: 1 day, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks by EM-μSBS testing and failure mode analysis by optical microscopy. Polished titanium was used as a control. The highest surface roughness was observed in titanium samples treated with silica-coating + HCl-H 3 PO 4 etching.The elemental composition confirmed the presence of Ti, O, C, with Si and Al in samples treated with silica-coating. A gradual decrease in EM-μSBS values was observed in all titanium samples with adhesive and cohesive failure modes. The novel dual surface modification method applied in this study suggests that silica-coating + HCl-H 3 PO 4 etching strongly affects titanium surface topography and roughness. The presence of Si on silica-coated surface modified titanium before silanization with an experimental silane has a positive effect on the EM-μSBS of titanium samples treated with silica-coating only or silica-coating + HNO 3 etching.
Bonding of dental restorative materials to tooth tissues is one of the most important aspects in dentistry. Adhesion at the interface has been the topic of never-ending and growing discussion in the research fi eld of adhesive dentistry for quite some time. Prosthetic materials have to be cemented in the moist oral cavity either to the remaining tooth structure or to another prosthetic dental material. The affi nity of most of the dental materials to each other is inherently inadequate. Thus, to meet this harsh oral environment many so-called coupling agents are used after the surface modifi cation to further enhance the adhesion between different materials. There has been considerable research on coupling agents, with most of it focusing on silane coupling agents as compared to studies on some other coupling agents. One of the main problems with silanes is their susceptibility to humidity, and thus other coupling agents have been investigated to provide a more hydrolytically stable bonding agent. Some phosphate, zirconium and titanium based inorganic-organic hybrid compounds are also actively being investigated for the purpose. This review is focused on the coupling agents used in the contemporary adhesive dentistry including silanes which have and are being extensively studied. This review starts briefl y from the history of the coupling agents and fi nally moving on to the current trends in research on coupling agents. This review is aimed to give better view and understanding of the different coupling agents and how these can be used in adhesive dentistry in the future.
Durable adhesion between resin composite cement and Ti prostheses is critical for a long clinical life. A rough surface is a prerequisite for mechanical interlocking and silica-coating followed by silanation for chemical adhesion. Commercially pure grade-2 Ti specimens were modified by silica-coating and silanized with an experimental silane blend or two commercially available silane primers. Specimens were assigned randomly: Group-A (control; polished only Ti), Group-B (polished Ti + silica-coating + primers), Group-C (polished Ti + etching with HNO3 + with or without primers), Group-D (polished Ti + silica-coating + etching with HNO3 + with or without primers), Group-E (polished Ti + etching with HCl+H3PO4 + with or without primers), Group F (polished Ti + silica-coating + etching with HCl+H3PO4 + with or without primers). Next Ti specimens were analyzed for their atomic concentration by electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). BisCem™ resin cement was used to build up enclosed mold stubs onto the Ti specimens. Micro-shear bond strength (EM-µSBS) was measured after storage in distilled water for 1 day, 1 week, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. A combined treatment employing silica-coating + HCl+H3PO4 had a more substantial effect on Ti surface roughness when compared to other surface pretreatments. Whereas, the highest EM-µSBS values were observed in Group-D from week 1 to week 8. A novel combined dual surface modification creates higher surface roughness on Ti, and this might significantly improve the durability of resin-Ti adhesion.
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