In this paper, the criticisms and contributions of Western Scholars and their impacts on society have been discussed. To study the civilization‘s heritage, history, language, literature, fine arts, sciences, and sociology, of the people of East, by the westerns, is called Orientalism. In the ancient Arabic dictionary, the term “orientalism” is not present. In Europe, after the Renaissance, to introduce the East in the West, and to point out the expected interests of the West in the East, the Western Scholars performed their duty elegantly. All of the ancient and modern western scholars wrote about the Holy Qur‘an, and almost all of them neglected its present order and tried to determine the order of revelation of Qur’anic verses according to their own mind. Torrey of Yale spent his whole life to find out contradictions in the book of God. Bell of Edinburgh applied the rules of higher criticism on Qur’anic injunctions. Many other orientalists as Arthur Jeffery, A.T.Welch, J.D.Pearson, Montgomery Watt and Karen Armstrong are also written about the Qur’an and biography of the prophet (PBUH). Western scholars also have a great role in denouncing the history of Islam. It is the need of the era to go through their literary efforts to explore their objectives and outcomes. It is also essential to study their struggle to prove about their right and wrong points. At a time, the Orientalists gained popularity among all schools of thought of different religions. This study is necessary and beneficial for all students, teachers and research scholars of every field of life.
Background: Hyperuricemia is a well-established prognostic marker for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Therefore, in this study, our aim was to determine the prevalence of hyperuricemia in thrice-weekly hemodialysis patients at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that included consecutive patients diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance thrice-weekly hemodialysis (HD). Based on serum urate concentrations, hyperuricemia was labeled in male patients with > 7 mg/dL, and in female patients, the threshold value was >6 mg/dL. Results: The study included a total of 73 thrice-weekly hemodialysis patients out of which 64.4% (47) were male and mean age of the study sample was 50.3 ± 12.1 years. Hyperuricemia was observed in 76.7% (56) of the patients. Females (41.1% vs. 17.6%), diabetes (46.4% vs. 23.5%), and glomerulonephritis (5.4% vs. 0%) were relatively more common among patients with hyperuricemia than non- hyperuricemia patients, respectively. Similarly, severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (75% vs. 35.3%), severe mitral regurgitation (14.3% vs. 5.9%), and severe tricuspid regurgitation (12.5% vs. 5.9%) were relatively more common among patients with hyperuricemia than non- hyperuricemia patients, respectively. Conclusion: Hyperuricemia was prevalent in more than 3/4th of the thrice-weekly hemodialysis patients. Females, diabetics, glomerulonephritis, severe LV dysfunction with mitral regurgitation (severe) and tricuspid regurgitation (severe) were relatively more common among hyperuricemic patients.
The development of Islamic Jurisprudence tradition over time produces the Juris-prudential product with different approaches, methodologies, and interpretations. Nowadays, the difference of opinion in the Islamic Jurisprudence is marked by the reconstruction of the jurisprudential tradition because they are no longer relevant to address the issue of masculinity. In this study, the author discusses one of the recent literatures of Islamic Jurisprudence, Al Fiqh Al Islami wa Adilatuhu, written by Wahbah Al-Zuḥaylī (1932-2015 AD). In this article, he tried to reach a compromise between classical jurisprudence with a contemporary one; this is due to some modern views that classical account is no longer able to solve the recent problems. Therefore Al-Zuḥaylī tried to integrate classical interpretation to the contemporary style with a consistent method. To find some pictures of his jurisprudential approach, the author discusses the different aspects of his masterpiece in this paper. Keywords: , ,
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