Purpose: To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous-ethanol (30:70 %)

To determine the etiology of dysphagia based on upper GI endoscopy in Nishtar Hospital Multan. Study design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of study: This study was conducted at gastroenterology unit of Nishtar Hospital Multan from Feb 2013 to August 2014. Patients and methods: Three hundred and twenty three patients, ≥ 13 years old, who presented with history of dysphagia to the gastroenterology unit of Nishtar Hospital Multan. Results: Out of 323 patients, 43.7% were males and 56.3% were females. Mean age of patients was 44.37±17.395 years. Most common finding was benign stricture (28.5% cases) followed by no abnormality (21.7%), carcinoma esophagus (20.7%), achalasia (6.5%), esophageal web (4%), ulcers (3.7%), multiple pathologies (3.1%), pharyngeal cancer (2.2%), esophageal candidiasis (1.9%), reflux esophagitis (1.5%) and hiatus hernia (1.2%). Uncommon findings were incompetent LES (0.9%), extrinsic compression (0.9%), vocal cord paralysis (0.6%), barrett's esophagus (0.6%), herpes simplex esophagitis (0.6%), shatzki ring (0.3%), diverticulum (0.3%) and thick aryepiglottic folds (0.3%.). Conclusion: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is the investigation of choice for patients of dysphagia. Most common finding in our study was benign stricture in young females, followed by carcinoma esophagus, achalasia, web, ulcer, pharyngeal cancer, reflux esophagitis, esophageal candidiasis and hiatus hernia. Incompetent LES, extrinsic compression, vocal cord paralysis, barrett esophagus, herpes simplex esophagitis, ring, diverticulum and thick aryepiglottic folds were rare causes. Measures should be taken to avoid the preventable causes by patient awareness and adequate treatment of predisposing factors.

Objectives: To determine the etiology of dysphagia based on upper GI endoscopyin Nishtar Hospital Multan. Study design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of study:This study was conducted at gastroenterology unit of Nishtar Hospital Multan from Feb 2013 toAugust 2014. Patients and methods: Three hundred and twenty three patients, ≥ 13 years old,who presented with history of dysphagia to the gastroenterology unit of Nishtar Hospital Multan.Results: Out of 323 patients, 43.7% were males and 56.3% were females. Mean age of patientswas 44.37±17.395 years. Most common finding was benign stricture (28.5% cases) followedby no abnormality (21.7%), carcinoma esophagus (20.7%), achalasia (6.5%), esophagealweb (4%), ulcers (3.7%), multiple pathologies (3.1%), pharyngeal cancer (2.2%), esophagealcandidiasis (1.9%), reflux esophagitis (1.5%) and hiatus hernia (1.2%). Uncommon findingswere incompetent LES (0.9%), extrinsic compression (0.9%), vocal cord paralysis (0.6%),barrett’s esophagus (0.6%), herpes simplex esophagitis (0.6%), shatzki ring (0.3%), diverticulum(0.3%) and thick aryepiglottic folds (0.3%.). Conclusion: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is theinvestigation of choice for patients of dysphagia. Most common finding in our study was benignstricture in young females, followed by carcinoma esophagus, achalasia, web, ulcer, pharyngealcancer, reflux esophagitis, esophageal candidiasis and hiatus hernia. Incompetent LES,extrinsic compression, vocal cord paralysis, barrett esophagus, herpes simplex esophagitis,ring, diverticulum and thick aryepiglottic folds were rare causes. Measures should be taken toavoid the preventable causes by patient awareness and adequate treatment of predisposingfactors.

No abstract

Objectives: To determine the etiology of lower GI bleeding based oncolonoscopic findings Study design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of study: Thisstudy was conducted at gastroenterology unit of Nishtar Hospital Multan from Feb 2013 toAugust 2014. Patients and methods: Two hundred and fifty four patients, ≥ 14 years old whopresented with history of lower GI bleeding to the gastroenterology unit of Nishtar HospitalMultan Results: Out of 254 patients, 59.05% were males and 40.95% were females. Mean ageof patients was 37.22±10.68 years. Most common findings were haemorrhoids (40.9% cases),ulcerative colitis(35.4%), no abnormality (8.2%), solitary rectal ulcer (7.5%), growth (7.1%),proctitis (3.5%), polyps(2%), rectal varix (1.2%), infective colitis (0.8%), uremic colopathy(0.8%), rectal prolapse (0.8%), multiple polyposis coli (0.8%), petechiae (0.8%), stricture (0.8%),diverticula(0.4%)and fissure (0.4%). Conclusion: Colonoscopy is the investigation of choice forpatients of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. More common colonoscopic findings in our studywere haemorrhoids, ulcerative colitis, solitary rectal ulcer, malignancy and proctitis. Polyps anddiverticula which are common in the west were uncommon in our patients. Rectal prolapse,petechiae, stricture, uremic colopathy and multiple polyposis coli were rare causes.

from domestic cats suspected of babesiosis. The basic criteria for suspecting babesiosis was pale mucus membrane, haemolytic anaemia, rough body coat and haemoglobinuria. Thin blood smears stained with Giemsa were microscopically examined for the detection