ABSTRAKPotensi sumber alam khususnya kakao secara Indonesia sangat tergantung dari produksi kakao yang dihasilkan oleh petani dan ketersediaan lahan perkebunan. Namun hasil pengolahan kakao masih belum optimal untuk meningkatkan produksi kakao. Hal ini disebabkan adanya gangguan hama penyakit dan banyaknya petani kakao alih fungsi lahan untuk tanaman cepat tumbuh. Hasil pengolahan kakao menghasilkan limbah kakao dan dengan penggunaan teknologi pirolisis mampu mengatasi penumpukan limbah hasil perkebunan. Hasil pembakaran ini menghasilkan asap cair kakao (cacao vinegar) ke dalam destilat,arang. Penelitian ini menggunakan suhu pirolisis antara 100-500°C.. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis pada limbah kakao menghasilkan kandungan selulosa 17,27%, lignin 52,02% dan hemiselulosa 19,56% . Hasil analisis GC MS untuk cacao vinegar Kab Wajo, adalah asam asetat, n butane, metil ester, asam propanoat, asam butanoat, siklopenanon, 2 metil piridin, asetiloksi 2 propanon, butirolakton, tetrahydro 2 furan metanol, 2,3 dimetil 2 siklopenten 1 on dan Mequinol . Kadar air arang kulit buah kakao kab Wajo sebesar 3,42%. Hasil analisis kadar karbon terikat dimana arang aktif kulit 54,45%. Analisis EDS untuk kulit buah kakao Kab Wajo menghasilkan kandungan C : 61,12%, O : 36,65%, Si : 0,59%, P : 1,48% dan Al : 0,17%. Pemanfaatan limbah kulit buah kakao dengan teknologi pirolisis mampu mengurangi emisi karbon terhadap lingkungan. Sehingga pembangunan dapat berlanjut dan kelestarian hutan tetap sustainable. Kata kunci: Kakao, kulit buah Kakao, selulosa, asap cair Kakao ABSTRACTPotential of cacao resources at Indonesian is very dependent on the production of cacao produced by farmers and plantation availability. However, the cacao processing results are still not optimal to increase the cacao production. This is due to the disruption of pests and the number of cacao farmers over land functions for fast growing plants. Processing cacao produced cacao waste and with the use of pyrolysis technology is able to cope with the accumulation of plantation waste. This combustion results in liquid smoke of cacao (cacao vinegar) into distillate, charcoal. This study used pyrolysis temperature between 100-500 °C. The aim of this research is to analyze the cocoa waste and the results are cellulose content 17,27%, lignin 52,02% and hemicellulose 19,56%. The results of GC-MS analysis for cacao vinegar of Distric Wajo are acetic acid, n butane,
ABSTRAKPotensi kulit buah kakao yang selama ini belum banyak dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat, mendorong untuk mengembangkan kulit buah kakao sebagai bio arang. Salah satu cara untuk mengurangi penumpukan limbah biomassa dengan cara pirolisis yang berasal dari hasil pembakaran yang menghasilkan produk asap cair, arang dan beberapa gas (CO 2 ,H 2 ,dan CO 2 ). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memanfaatkan kulit buah kakao untuk memperoleh asap cair kulit kakao dan arang kaka. Hasil Penelitian ini bahwa kulit buah kakao menghasilkan kandungan hemiselulosa 21,06%, selulosa 20,15% dan lignin 51,98%.Hasil analisis kadar karbon arang aktif kulit buah kakao Kab Luwu sebesar 55,11 %. Hasil analisis FT-IR serbuk kulit buah kakao Kabupaten Luwu menunjukkan, terjadi depolimerisasi untuk kandungan selulosa dan hemiselulosa pada bilangan gelombang 1107,14 cm -1 dan. ABSTRACTThe potential of cacao fruit skin that has not been widely used by the community are encouraged to develop the cacao fruit skinas bio charcoal. One way to reduce the build up of biomass waste is by pyrolysis derived from combustion products that produce liquid smoke, charcoal and some gases (CO 2 , H 2 , and CO 2 ). The purpose of this research is to utilize cacao peel to get the liquid smoke of cacao skin and cacao charcoal. The result of this research showed that the skin of cacao fruit produce hemicellulose content of 21.06%, cellulose of 20.15% and lignin of 51.98%. The analysis result of carbon content of cacao skin activated charcoal from Luwu regency is 55.11%. FT-IR analysis of the cacao skin powder from Luwu regency showed that there were depolymerization for cellulose and hemicellulose contentsat the wave number of 1107.14 cm -1 andfound C-H of lignin at the wave number of 1730.15 cm . Crystallinity degree of cacao fruits skin from Luwu which was obtained from XRD analysis is 12.66%. The wasteutilization of this
The structure and diversity of understory herb vegetation were studied at Tropical Mountain Forest of Mount Bawakaraeng, South Sulawesi. The study was conducted at two areas. The first area was natural forest (NF) (Site 1). The second area (Site 2) was dominated by Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ferns and Lantana camara shrubs (NP). The value of similarity index between the two sides was 22,15. The mean values of diversity parameters at Site 2 relatively higher compared to those in Site 1. The Dominance Diversity Curve for Site 2 shows curve that longer than that of Site 1. There are 12 species that are found at both sites. At Site 1, the highest mean value of Species Richness (S) and Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (H’) are found in Rather Steep Slope (RSS) and the lowest are in Gentle Slope (GS). In the Site 2 area, the highest mean value of S, H’, Simpson’s Diversity Index (1-D) and Pielou’s Evenness Index (E) are found in Flat Slope (FS) and the lowest is in RSS, whilst the highest value of Simpson’s Dominance Index (D) is in RSS and followed in FS and finally in GS. At Site 1, species with highest important value index (IVI) are varying. The most dominant species at Site 2 is Isachne globosa. The Asteraceae family is the family that has species with highest IVI at Site 1. At Site 2, Poaceae family is the plan family that has the most species with the highest IVI at all slope level.
Kakao yang diperoleh dari perkebunan kakao menghasilkan limbah kakao yang dibuang dan berwana hitam pada waktu yang lama akan mengalami pembusukan, Padahal memiliki potensi yang cukup besar. Dengan penggunaan teknologi pirolisis, analisis kulit buah kakao yang berasal dari Kabupaten Enrekang untuk kandungan lignin sebesar 45,61 %, selulosa 37,61 %, hemiselulosa 6,40 %, dan lainnya sebesar 10,38 %. Hasil pembakaran menghasilkan asap cair kulit buah kakao ke dalam destila dan arang. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan suhu pirolisis 114-514 °C. Rendemen asap cair kulit buah kakao Kabupaten Enrekang pada suhu pirolisis 114 °C sebesar 8,04 % selama 88 menit, dan pada suhu pirolisis 214 °C sebesar 28,6 2% dengan waktu selama 40 menit, selanjutnya pada suhu pirolisis 314 °C sebesar 27,65 % dengan waktu selama 83 menit, dan suhu pirolisis 414 °C sebesar 25,08 % dengan waktu selama 45 menit, akhirnya suhu pirolisis 514 °C sebesar 8,04 % dengan waktu selama 88 menit. Analisis GC MS untuk asap cair kulit buah kakao adalah asam karbamat, asam asetat, 1H-Pirol, tert-Butilakrilat, propane diamida, asetamida, n-metil, 1-pentena-2-ol, corilon, 5-valerolakton, 4-metoksifenol, Nmetilsuccinimida, siklopropilkarbinol, 2-propilamina, etil metakrilat, 1,2-oksaborol, 2,6-dimetil-metoksifenol, namilasetat, sikloheksena karboksilat, 2-proponon, levoglukosan, D-o-asetil, asam heksadekanoat, 1,10-dekadiol, asetiloksi, tetracosaheksaena. Hasil pemisahan senyawa kimia bio aktif dari asap cair kulit buah kakao digunakan untuk memperoleh produk komposisi kimia dengan pengelompokkan senyawa berdasarkan metode PCA.
We study the structure, indicator species and diversity of treelets and shrubs vegetation in tropical sub-mountain forests of Mount Salak Bogor, West Java. There were 4 vegetation groups at Bray-Curtis distance 0.6 - 0.8, namely groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, each consist of 13 plots, 17 plots, 8 plots, and 22 plots. One way Permanova test shows that the vegetation group is different in terms of structure and composition of vegetation. Dicranopteris dichotoma (Thunb.) Bernh., Athyrium sorzogonense (Presl.) Milde., and Cinchona officinalis L., are the species with the highest Important Value Index in all plots. Indicator species are not found in group 2. There are 8 combined vegetation groups that have indicator species. The one-way Kruskal-Wallis test shows the difference in Shannon-Wienner diversity index (H’) (Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 20.541, df = 3, p-value = 0.0001311 ), Simpson’s index (D) (Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 23.855, df = 3, p-value = 2.678e-05), Pielou’s evenness index (J’) (Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 14.315, df = 3, p-value = 0.002506) and Species Richness (S) (Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 17.868, df = 3, p-value = 0.0004683) among vegetation groups. Post hoc test with Games Howel shows group 2 and 4 have differences in all parameters of diversity. The values of H’, D, and S between group 1 and 4 are different. The difference in S values also appears between group 3 and 4.
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